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Ten Caveats in Primary Posterior Capsulorhexis and Anterior Vitrectomy in Pediatric Cataracts

Unlike in adults , the risk of risk of developing visual axis opacification (VAO) after cataract surgery in children is nearly 100%.[1,2] Hence the need for primary posterior capsulotomy (PPC) and anterior vitrectomy (automated/manual) in pediatric cataract surgeries.Let us answer the few salient features of PPC and AV in following ten questions , 1. Why PPC is needed? The anterior hyaloid face in infants and young children is highly reactive and closely linked to the posterior capsule. It serves as a scaffold for the accumulation of lens epithelial cells and other inflammatory cells, resulting in VAO in almost all cases.[3,4] The VAO will continue to have the amblyogenic effect nullifying the purpose of cataract surgery in the child. Further the amblyogenic effect of VAO increases as the age of the child decreases. Therefore, PPC with/without anterior vitrectomy is necessary to determine the ultimate visual outcome of cataract surgery in young children. Further In addition, PPC may al

Dr. Disha Agarwal · Dr. Sowmya R 8 min read
Students Gallery The lead

Five Tips to Start Writing Your Thesis

1. Conducting a Literature Review A rigorous literature review is the backbone of every research project. It defines what is known, identifies gaps, and justifies your study — yet it is frequently done poorly. Getting Started Define first, search second: Define your topic clearly and precisely before searching. A broad question leads to an unmanageable volume of literature; a narrow question may miss important context. Frame your four questions: Ask four key questions: What do I already know? What gaps exist? What is controversial? What still needs studying? These guide your search strategy and eventual write-up. Search multiple databases: Use multiple databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Web of Science, Google Scholar) and do not rely on a single source. How to search PubMed: A Ready Reckoner for ... Document your search strategy: Record your search strategy (databases used, keywords, date range, filters applied) so it can be reported and reproduced. Pearl: A good literature review ha

Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder 9 min read
Articles The lead

Retinopathy Of Prematurity: 10 Things for the Ophthalmologist to Know

1. The birth of ROP: Retinopathy of prematurity ROP was born as a corollary of improved neonatal care when smaller/ more premature babies began to survive with oxygen support. While a number of risk factors have been studied, prematurity and oxygen have emerged as major driving factors in the pathogenesis of ROP. Animal models have provided deeper insights into understanding this relatively new blinding disease in mankind. 2. The Burden: An estimated 13.4 million babies were born preterm in 2020, of which 3.02 million were from India, accounting for over 23% of all preterm births worldwide. [1,2] Also, in India, it is not uncommon for heavier and older babies to develop treatment?requiring ROP, unlike in the developed countries, due to the more rampant use of unregulated oxygen as a lifesaving measure.[3] With this, the burden of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening has increased tremendously in the backdrop of a preexisting strained doctor?to?preterm child ratio with

Dr. Puja Maitra 7 min read
Articles The lead

New Frontiers in Uveitis Management: Five Drugs to Watch

The management of uveitis is rapidly evolving with the introduction of novel therapeutic molecules targeting key inflammatory pathways. This article highlights five promising drugs currently under clinical evaluation, offering hope for more effective and safer treatment options. While early results are encouraging, most of these agents are yet to complete phase 3 trials, and their long-term safety and efficacy remain to be established. Until then, clinicians must remain cautiously optimistic and await further evidence before these therapies can reshape uveitis care. 1. Brepocitinib Brepocitinib is an oral small-molecule inhibitor targeting Janus kinase 1 (JAK 1) and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2). Unlike many other JAK inhibitors that may block several JAK family kinases broadly (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3), brepocitinib selectively inhibits TYK2 and JAK1 while sparing JAK2 and JAK3 to a significant degree. This selectivity translates into targeted suppression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines—such as

Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder 9 min read
Articles The lead

Ten Pearls in the Management of Uveitis

While the diagnosis and treatment of uveitis may seem like a daunting task to the beginner, there are some tips and tricks which help to identify specific uveitides and help in appropriate treatment. If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, chances are, it is probably a duck. 1. Infectious vs Non infectious : It is crucial to make this differentiation as , even though certain features may be similar in both, the treatment vastly differs for these two entities. Certain clues in the history and clinical examination , in addition to the laboratory investigations will aid you in making this distinction. A recurrent nodular scleritis in a farmer with recent history of injury with vegetative matter is most likely infective.1 A focal necrotising retinits lesion adjacent to a chorioretinal scar with significant vitritis in a person who has close interaction with cats is ocular toxoplasmosis, the most common cause of infectious posterior uveitis.2 If patient gives hist

Dr. Rajashree E · Dr. Lisa Sunny · +1 other 13 min read

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  7. Articles 3 min read

    Six Useful Apps and Glasses for Colourblind Patients: A Guide for Ophthalmologists

    Colourblindness makes many everyday tasks difficult—such as recognizing traffic signals, selecting clothes, or interpreting colour-coded information. For those affected, even simple activities can become challenging. At present, there is no permanent treatment available for colourblindness. However, ophthalmologists can play an important role in improving patients’ daily lives by recommending effective visual aids. With recent advances, several options are now within easy reach. Mobile applications can instantly identify and label colours, while specially designed glasses can enhance colour perception, particularly in red-green colourblindness. This short write-up highlights six practical aids—both apps and glasses—with links for direct access. By guiding patients to these resources, ophthalmologists can help them adapt better and manage their condition with greater confidence. 1. EnChroma Glasses EnChroma is a world leader in colourblind glasses designed to enhance red-green colour di

    Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder

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  1. 11 min read

    Innovative Safety Methods Employed For Delivering Quality Patient Care in a High Volume Tertiary Eye Care Setting By Recycling Available Resources and Integrating Information System During COVID Crises

    “Never let good crises go to waste.” - - Winston Churchill The Lockdowns are back, as the cities are once again bracing for a steep influx of patients suffering from or suspected to be infected from the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), owing to the soaring second wave of COVID-19. We as practicing ophthalmologists, need to keep our guard up now, more than ever. The need of the hour is the safety for our health, safety of the health of our health care workers and the patient’s health who visit our hospitals; along with simultaneously delivering high quality productive patient care. This drives the need for devising, effective and innovative safety strategies during the COVID-19 crises (Figure 1). Figure 1: Comprehensive Innovative Safe Practice Pattern Work Flow Utilization of hospital car parking area for COVID-19 triage Triaging has become a mandatory part of our pandemic practice, but the dearth of available space for triaging needs to be addressed. The sprint is on as eye care professi

    Dr. Prasanna Venkatesh Ramesh · Dr. Shruthy Vaishali Ramesh
  2. 3 min read

    Practical Tips for DNB Practical

    It’s time to brace yourself for DNB practicals, in its new Avatar! One look at its design tells that it has been well designed for accurate and speedy assessment of Examinees with little room for chance or bias. So let’s deconstruct it for better understanding and decode it for exploiting to our advantage! Firstly 50% of marks i.e 150 marks comes from Objectively Structured Clinical Evaluation or OSCE, which is a good News. Historically most students from the DNB stream, find OSCE easy to answer. OSCE covers a wide range of concepts in ophthalmology creating a level playing ground, compared to taxing Case Presentations. Few tips for your OSCE. This time, OSCE mimics a theory exam! you are all seated in a hall and the different stations (slides) are streamed on the screen by the NBEMS command center. The answers have to be written on separate sheets for each station. Make sure that you give away the answer sheet after each station. Write with a dark blue or black pen which makes your wr

    Dr. Krishnaprasad R
  3. 9 min read

    Happy Teachers Day: A tribute to all my teachers who inspired me in ophthalmology

    "The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires."-William Arthur Ward "Teachers, I believe, are the most responsible and important members of society because their professional efforts affect the fate of the Earth." -Helen Caldicott, Physician and Author Teachers are the backbone of any academic institution and always play a significant role in shaping the life and career of students. Teachers are the lights of our life as they sculpture us to bring the best out of us and inspire us to excel in professional life. On the occasion of Teacher’s Day (September 5, 2020), I thankfully acknowledge all the hard work done by all my teachers to shape a career in ophthalmology. This tribute is dedicated to all the teachers who worked during the junior residency (ophthalmology) period at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. The Excellent Teachers with Passion for teaching and Training

    Dr. Suresh K. Pandey

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