Ten Facts Every Ophthalmologist Should Know About Lubricating Eye Drops
Introduction Artificial tear substitutes lubricate and protect the ocular surface and provide relief from ocular dryness, irritation, and burning sensation. They play a major role in providing symptomatic relief and are widely used for all types of dry eye diseases and nonspecific causes of ocular fatigue as well. Choosing the right kind of lubricating drops is of utmost importance. A number of re...Read More
Corneal Ulcer Simplified for the Postgraduates: Ten Points
An ulcer is a breach in the continuity of corneal epithelial. However, a corneal ulcer is an epithelial breach with superficial tissue loss (subepithelial or stroma) having variable grades of inflammation. The causes can be infectious (bacterial, fungal, viral, Pythium) and autoimmune (marginal keratitis, peripheral ulcerative keratitis). Here, we discuss ten essential clinical key points for diag...Read More
i-File: Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy
A 60-year-old-male presented to the Cornea clinic with diminution of vision in the left eye for 4 months which was associated with intermittent photophobia and colored haloes around lights, especially on waking up in the morning. The patient also complains of pain and watering. No history of associated redness, itching, or discharge. Past Ocular History: H/o OD cataract surgery 6 years, OS catarac...Read More
Basics of limbal Stem Cell Deficiency for the Postgraduates
Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells Anatomy: The healthy corneo-scleral limbus (Figure 1) is a gradual transition zone from the stratified, non- keratinised squamous epithelium of the cornea to the stratified, non- keratinised columnar epithelium with mucin-secreting goblet cells of the conjunctiva. It has 7-10 layers of cells, which have attachments similar to the corneal cells. Figure 1: Slit-lamp phot...Read More
How to Present a Case of Corneal Ulcer in the Examination
1. Obtain a detailed history : a. A history of injury and the injuring agent - some pointers from this would be the occurrence of fungal infections in injuries with vegetable matter/insect wing cases; bacillus infections in patients with broomstick injuries; gram-positive infections with metal foreign bodies and so on b. A history of past such similar episodes - typically, this suggests the possib...Read More
Introduction A pterygium is a fibrovascular, wing-shaped encroachment of the conjunctiva onto the cornea, usually in the horizontal meridian of the palpebral fissure. Histopathology shows hyaline degeneration with elastotic proliferation. Risk factors Exposure to ultraviolet light and environmental microtrauma to the ocular surface is thought to predispose to pterygium formation. A localized limba...Read More
Introduction: Keratoconus is a degenerative non-inflammatory disease of the cornea. It presents generally at puberty with progressive corneal steepening & thinning, most typically inferior to the center of the cornea. Keratoconus is characterized by progressive Myopia, both regular and irregular astigmatism in mild cases and vision compromising ectasia in advanced disease. It is usually bilateral ...Read More
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Diseases Of The Ocular Surface And Cornea
I. Introduction : Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) is a sophisticated non-contact imaging device that produces high-resolution images for detailed assessment of the structures of the ocular surface and anterior chamber in various disease conditions. Starting from the earlier generation time-domain devices first described in 1991 by Huang et al [1] to the current Fourier-domain...Read More
Seven Tips to Treat A Treatment Resistant Microbial keratitis
Microbial keratitis is a common potentially sight-threatening condition and is considered an ocular emergency. Managing them brings forth multiple challenges to the ophthalmologist one of them being to primarily distinguish an infective from non-infective keratitis. Based on signs, symptoms, history, and laboratory investigations a treatment plan is laid out which is modified based on clinical res...Read More
Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplantation: A Review
I. Introduction The cornea is lined by non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. At the limbus, there is a gradual transition of these cells to non-keratinized, stratified columnar epithelial cells, along with mucin-secreting goblet cells, forming the conjunctival epithelium. The corneoscleral limbus lies between these two epithelia in a healthy eye. The limbus contains palisades of Vogt, t...Read More