Current Trends and Techniques in Pneumatic Retinopexy
Introduction Over the past few decades, the approach to treating primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) has undergone significant changes. Initially, scleral buckle (SB) was the standard method, followed by the occasional use of pneumatic retinopexy (PnR), and more recently, pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). This shift has primarily been driven by technological advancements rather than conside...Read More
Seven Important OCT Signs in CNVM
1. Type of macular neovascularisation (MNV): Macular neovascularisation (MNV) is a broad disease entity characterised by the development of the abnormal vessels arising either from the retinal vasculature (deep capillary plexus) or choroidal vasculature (choriocapillaris). Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) is a subtype of MNV, characterised by the abnormal growths of blood vessels from the cho...Read More
Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema
One of the major microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy are the most common causes of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy. Pathogenesis of DME: A simplified understanding of the pathogenesis of DME formation is depicted in Figure 1: The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inflam...Read More
Ten Tenets of Diagnostic Vitrectomy
Diagnosis of posterior segment inflammatory or infectious disease is mostly based on clinical presentation, ocular imaging and specific laboratory tests. However, in the absence of a characteristic clinical picture of a specific disease the diagnosis of uveitis can be challenging. It has been reported that upto 33% of uveitis remain undiagnosed. Moreover, some of the malignant or infective disease...Read More
Practical Tips for Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a proliferative disease of the retina which affects developing retinal vessels of prematurely born infants. The screening process should be carried out within 1 month of delivery of the infant. Delaying this or missing out on screening could result in the progression of abnormal neovascularization, which can lead to the development of tractional retinal detachme...Read More
Endogenous Endophthalmitis: A Review
Introduction Endophthalmitis is defined as an inflammation of the inner layers of the eye with exudation in the vitreous cavity resulting from intraocular colonization by microorganisms. It can be exogenous or endogenous. It is an ocular emergency with poor visual prognosis and multifactorial etiology. Endogenous endophthalmitis is much less common than exogenous endophthalmitis and is estimated t...Read More
Ten Pearls for Managing A case of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in many developing economies, such as China and India. Type 2 DM contributes to 90% of the cases. An astonishing 53 % of these cases remain undiagnosed(1). Health-seeking behaviour in India is amongst the poorest with 90% of patients being not aware of the need for regular fundus examination(2). The onus of imparting knowledge on such patients lies with th...Read More
Pearls for Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
Using the indirect ophthalmoscope proficiently is a difficult skill to master, nevertheless is an indispensable one. With adequate practice, you will eventually come to terms with it. Here are a few tips and tricks to help you with it. Important but often likely to be missed: Every day, check if the optics of the indirect ophthalmoscope is working properly and, if wireless- that the battery pack i...Read More
Anti-VEGFs made Easy for the Postgraduates
The retina is a highly metabolic tissue and needs a constant high supply of oxygen. Insult to either choroidal or retinal vasculature can lead to a hypoxic state. Throughout the years, neovascularization has been seen to occur in areas neighboring such hypoxic areas. In 1989, this hypoxia-inducible and diffusible factor was discovered to be Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), initially coin...Read More
Ten Pearls for Treating A Case of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Introduction Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding retinal vasoproliferative disorder affecting premature and low birth weight infants. With improving survival of preterm infants with lower birth weights and gestational ages, ROP is reaching epidemic proportions in many middle- income countries.1 Although a majority of infants would develop a mild self-limiting disease, some c...Read More