Normal flora /Microbiome of the Eye: 10 Facts
1. Definition of Microbiome Microbiomes are communities of organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) that normally reside on any part of the human body (both external and internal) and are in a symbiotic relationship with the host. The members of the microbiome live in close harmony, sharing food and shelter and offering benefits to each other, e.g. some members give protection by secreting extracellul...Read More
Top-Ten-Must-Not-Forget-In-Strabismus-Evaluation
1. External face features affecting the eye position Facial asymmetry and palpebral fissure shape changes alter the ocular position, possibly due to extra-ocular muscle heterotopy The common extra-ocular features affecting ocular position are craniosynostosis, hydrocephalus, facial fracture, mongoloid and anti-mongoloid slant, telecanthus, congenital superior oblique palsy (face fuller on the affe...Read More
Ten Pearls for Treating A Case of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Introduction Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding retinal vasoproliferative disorder affecting premature and low birth weight infants. With improving survival of preterm infants with lower birth weights and gestational ages, ROP is reaching epidemic proportions in many middle- income countries.1 Although a majority of infants would develop a mild self-limiting disease, some c...Read More
Visual Fields in Neuro-Ophthalmology : 10 Pearls for the Postgraduates
1. Is there something we can do before ordering a visual field in neuro-ophthalmology? Confrontation visual field testing is an important clinical examination, especially when it comes to neuro-ophthalmology cases. A simple test can give us clues as to what may be the underlying cause of patients’ symptoms. The test is done presuming the visual field of the examiner is normal. Both the patient and...Read More
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Comprehensive Review
Introduction: The clinical entity of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) has been known since 1878 (1), and it is a common visually disabling disorder that may cause significant ocular morbidity. It commonly affects men and women equally and occurs predominantly in persons over the age of 65 years (2-4). Associated systemic vascular disease, including hypertension and diabetes, are present in th...Read More
Ten Clinical Signs A Postgraduate Must Look For While Examining the Fundus
1. Red Dots! : Microaneurysms Seen in Diabetic Retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, hypertensive retinopathy, radiation retinopathy. Microaneurysms are usually the first ophthalmoscopically detectable sign of diabetic retinopathy. They are focal saccular outpouchings of the capillary wall due to pericyte loss. Arise from the deep part of the inner retinal capillary plexus, and are present in the ...Read More
Basics of limbal Stem Cell Deficiency for the Postgraduates
Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells Anatomy: The healthy corneo-scleral limbus (Figure 1) is a gradual transition zone from the stratified, non- keratinised squamous epithelium of the cornea to the stratified, non- keratinised columnar epithelium with mucin-secreting goblet cells of the conjunctiva. It has 7-10 layers of cells, which have attachments similar to the corneal cells. Figure 1: Slit-lamp phot...Read More
Ten Points One Must Know on Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (TASS)
TASS is an uncommon, non-infectious condition causing severe inflammation of the anterior segment structures without vitreous involvement [1],[2],[5]. The name TASS was coined by Monson and colleagues in 1992 [1],[3]. It is usually associated with phacoemulsification surgery but can also happen after procedures like penetrating keratoplasty, descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty, d...Read More
Ptosis Surgeries: Made Simple for The Postgraduates
Ptosis refers to a vertical narrowing of the palpebral fissure secondary to drooping of the upper eyelid to a lower than normal position. Multiple surgical procedures can be used to correct ptosis including, frontalis sling, levator advancement, Fasanella Servat operation, and Mullerectomy. The selection of one technique over another depends on the consideration of several factors including the de...Read More
Ocular accommodation is an integral visual function that optimizes the visual perception through the focusing ability of the crystalline lens. This closed-loop system constantly interacts with the oculomotor system for finer focusing and alignment of the eyes under naturalistic binocular viewing conditions. This write-up is intended to provide an overview of the commonest anomalies of accommodatio...Read More