Peripheral Retinal Degenerations: A Ready Reckoner
Introduction Peripheral retinal degenerations (PRD) are considered a risk factor for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) [1, 2]. The annual incidence of RRD varies between 6.3 and 18.2 cases per 100,000. RRD develops when liquefied vitreous humor accelerated by rotary eye movements passes through retinal tears or retinal holes into subretinal space and detaches neurosensory retina from the und...Read More
The Novice VR Surgeon -Ten mistakes to avoid
Mastering vitreoretinal surgery is a slow and arduous process with each case being different from the other and it is just about possible to have only a “feel” of a kind of case during the fellowship, not mastery of it. The budding VR surgeon would necessarily have to hone her / his skills in the real world outside their alma mater and the following guidelines can aid mitigate the stress and angst...Read More
Making Sclerotomy Ports during a Vitreoretinal Surgery: Tips, Tricks and Concerns
The advancement of vitreous surgery from the 20-gauge (20G) era to the present day Transconjunctival Sutureless Vitrectomy (TVS) has favorably transformed patient outcomes in the surgical management of retinal diseases. The 20G system (O’Malley and Heintz, 1974) has been the gold standard technique in modern vitreous surgery for nearly three decades, beginning from the earliest 17G vitrectomy as i...Read More
Ten points A Postgraduate Should Know while Reading a Fundus Fluorescein Angiogram
Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) is still a gold standard investigation, for studying the circulation of the retina and partly choroid and highlights the dynamic interaction of the dye with the same. Many adjunct investigations like Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Fundus autofluorescence (FAF), Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA), etc. help in retinal diagnosis and management, ...Read More
Introduction Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is one of several chorioretinal disorders characterized by serous detachment of the neurosensory retina and ? or the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). CSC is one of the 10 most common diseases of the posterior segment of the eye and a frequent cause of mild to moderate visual impairment.1 History of the disease2,3,4,5,6 1866 – Von graefe – first ...Read More
Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema
Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) is a common cause of visual impairment after cataract surgery. This article systematically reviews and discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of PCME, with a focus on advances in the past 1–2 years.In 1953, Irvine described a cystoid macular edema (CME) that specifically arised after cataract surgery.1 Gass and Norton subsequent...Read More
Management of Rhegmatogenous Retinal detachments- Evidence based Review
Introduction Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) although rare, it is a serious ophthalmic condition that can lead to significant loss of vision or blindness without timely and appropriate management. It has been nearly a century (1918) since Jules Gonin demonstrated the importance of localizing and sealing retinal breaks, a procedure termed ignipuncture.1 Scleral buckling techniques, introduc...Read More
OCT in Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV)
Optical Coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized the way we look at retinal disorders. The earliest version of OCT was the time domain OCT following which spectral domain OCT arrived. Advances such as enhanced depth imaging and swept source OCT have furthered our understanding of retinal disorders. Beginning from the early 90s , OCT has vastly improved the way we diagnose, prognosticate , tre...Read More
Diabetic maculopathy is the most common cause of visual impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus. Classification Diabetic maculopathy is classified as – Exudative Maculopathy Ischemic Maculopathy Mixed Maculopathy 1. Exudative Maculopathy (Diabetic Macular Edema) It is diagnosed stereoscopically as retinal thickening within 1 disc diameter of the center of the macula using fundus biomicroscop...Read More
Endophthalmitis Management in India: a decade and half after the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study
The current management of post-cataract surgery acute endophthalmitis is greatly influenced by the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS). The EVS was a multicentric randomized clinical trial that had asked two important questions: (1) Is vitrectomy necessary in all cases of post intraocular lens (IOL) acute bacterial endophthalmitis? and (2) Does systemic antibiotics help in these cases? The EVS ...Read More