Introduction History In 1908 George Coats1 original description of the disease was based primarily on histopathologic examination of enucleated eyes and identified retinal vascular aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, intra- and subretinal hemorrhages, and exudates. Coats categorized eyes with these characteristic morphologic findings into three groups: Group I demonstrated massive subretinal e...Read More
Articles
The Effects & Techniques of Scleral Buckle in Treatment of Retinal Detachment
Introduction: Scleral buckle surgery is indicated for uncomplicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Scleral buckling indents the sclera and the overlying choroid retinal pigment epithelium complex towards the retinal break in the detached retina, resulting in retinal reattachment. Scleral buckle surgery evolved out of the works of Jules Gonin, who identified retinal breaks as the cause of reti...Read More
Introduction Optical Coherence Tomography is a powerful noninvasive imaging modality that performs high resolution, micron-scale, cross-sectional imaging of the retina. Originally developed in 1991 by Huang et al, [1] OCT technology has continually evolved and expanded within ophthalmology and has been explored in a wide range of clinical applications. With the introduction of Spectral/ Fourier Do...Read More
Angioid streaks are visible irregular crack-like dehiscences in Bruch’s membrane that are associated with atrophic degeneration of the overlying retinal pigmented epithelium. Despite 50 % of cases being idiopathic, this condition grabs attention as it requires good history taking and workup to determine the cause. Historical background The first description of angioid streaks was provided in 1889 ...Read More
Paediatric Retinal Vascular Diseases
Introduction This chapter will discuss pediatric retinal vascular diseases like Persistent Fetal Vasculature, Familial Exudative Vitreo Retinopathy and Incontinentia Pigmenti Persistent Fetal Vasculature (Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous) Definition Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) is a congenital ocular disorder in which fetal vasculature does not regress after birth. It is...Read More
Fungal Endophthalmitis and it's Management
Endophthalmitis is a potentially devastating ocular disease that may lead to permanent loss of vision. It is caused by bacteria in the majority of the cases. However, fungal endophthalmitis though rare has a poor prognosis and usually diagnosed late. The incidence of fungal endophthalmitis has increased in recent years, particularly in developing countries. 1-3 Unlike bacterial infections, we do n...Read More
Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography: Made Easy for the Postgraduates
Introduction and Gross Anatomy: The retinal and choroidal circulatory system can be visualized in vivo in the presence of normal media clarity. Many important diseases of the retina are related to or associated with the changes in the vasculature of the retina and/or choroid. Hence, it is important to understand the circulatory systems involved to better recognize disease states of the posterior s...Read More
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Made Simple
Introduction Recent advances in ophthalmic imaging have opened new avenues for a more thorough and extensive understanding of various retinal diseases. Quite a few of these pathologies are attributed directly or indirectly to vascular abnormalities. This renders the need to develop technology capable of providing intricate data of the ocular vasculature. Amongst these is Optical Coherence Tomograp...Read More
Management of Dropped Nucleus and Retained Lens Fragment
Introduction: Drooped nucleus and retained lens fragment is a complication not so rare in clinical practice. In the era where cataract surgery is being performed for visual enhancement rather than visual rehabilitation, the management of a dropped nucleus saves the patient from unnecessary anxiety and hastens visual recovery. In this chapter risk factors, the timing of surgery, various approaches ...Read More
Ultrasound B-Scan: A Ready Reckoner for the Postgraduates
The importance of ultrasound imaging cannot be stressed upon more than the fact that whether you are an anterior segment surgeon, posterior segment surgeon or oculoplastic surgeon, the indications for this modality transcend across all genres of ophthalmology. Many a time, postgraduates find this topic daunting to interpret. This article aims to simplify Ultrasound B-scan in terms of mechanics, te...Read More