Optical Coherence Tomography- Evolution and Clinical Applications
1. Introduction Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging modality that has revolutionized the practice of clinical ophthalmology over the past decade. OCT provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina, optic nerve head and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) unobtainable by any other current modality, and enables qualitative and quantitative evaluation. As opposed t...Read More
Macular Buckle Indications, Technique and Challenges
Macular Buckling (MB) is simply defined as a modified scleral buckle (SB) surgery where the sclera is remodeled to appose the retina to the sclero-choroidal complex thereby relieving the traction. Unlike conventional SB, where buckle element is placed circumferentially around the eyeball, MB element is placed behind the globe under macula indenting the sclera from posterior. MB has been tried by v...Read More
Choroidal Neovascular Membrane
Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) is an ingrowth of new vessels from the choriocapillaris through a break in the outer aspect of Bruch’s membrane into the sub-pigment epithelial space. These new vessels are accompanied by fibroblasts, resulting in a fibrovascular complex that proliferates within the inner aspect of Bruch’s membrane. This fibrovascular complex can disrupt and destroy the normal...Read More
Epiretinal membranes(ERM) are acquired formation of semi-transparent cellular sheets on the macular surface, which are formed due to varied etiologies. These membranes have contractile properties, often leading to mechanical distortion of macula. The proliferation of ERM on the inner retinal surface along the internal limiting membrane was first described by Iwanoff in 1865 1. In 1971, Roth and Fo...Read More
INTRODUCTION Pars plana vitrectomy as a technique has revolutionized retinal surgery since its advent and initial report by Machemer et al 1. It allowed the removal of traction by an internal method, essential in retinal detachment procedures, as well as provided an active management modality for vitreous haemorrhage and opened the door for surgical intervention in a myriad of retinal pathologies....Read More
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. It almost accounts for 2.6% of treatable blindness globally (1). It is estimated that the overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is 34.6 % worldwide, while the prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is 6.96% and that of vision-threatening DR (VTDR) is computed to be 10.2% (2). Currently, the prevalen...Read More
Introduction First described in 1942, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative retinopathy affecting premature infants of low birth weight. As per the original description by Terry et al, this disease was labelled as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) based on the hypothesis that it involved the proliferation of the embryonic hyaloid system[1] But Owens and Owens later described that in ...Read More
Bacterial Endophthalmitis - Where We Stand ?
Endophthalmitis is a potentially devastating condition of intraocular procedures. It is an inflammation of internal coats of the eye along with inflammation of intraocular cavities i.e. aqueous and vitreous humour that occur as a result of intraocular colonization of microorganisms. It is one of the most feared complications of cataract extraction and other intraocular surgeries. Rarely, infectiou...Read More
Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
Introduction Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV), first described by Yannuzzi et al1 in 1982, is a distinct clinical entity characterized by persistent recurrent serous leakage and hemorrhage in the macula, and is seen in the elderly population. The disorder was poorly understood earlier and had been described by various authors as recurrent pigment epithelial detachment (PED) and posterior uv...Read More
Drug Induced Maculopathy: A Quick Look
Generally all the drugs are likely to have some side effects. For ophthalmologists, it is essential to know the drugs which affect the vision or involve the eye as a part of their side-effects. This is a summary of the drugs causing damage to the posterior segment of the eye. Patterns of retinal toxicity: Disruption of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium Vascular damage Retinal folds Phenoit...Read More