Seven Important OCT Signs in CNVM
1. Type of macular neovascularisation (MNV): Macular neovascularisation (MNV) is a broad disease entity characterised by the development of the abnormal vessels arising either from the retinal vasculature (deep capillary plexus) or choroidal vasculature (choriocapillaris). Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) is a subtype of MNV, characterised by the abnormal growths of blood vessels from the cho...Read More
Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema
One of the major microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy are the most common causes of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy. Pathogenesis of DME: A simplified understanding of the pathogenesis of DME formation is depicted in Figure 1: The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inflam...Read More
A 30-year-old male presented to the glaucoma clinic with complaints of gradually progressive diminution of vision in both eyes, left eye more than right, since 5 years. The visual disturbance was not associated with redness, pain, photophobia, or colored haloes. Past Ocular History: He was diagnosed with glaucoma elsewhere 5 years ago and started on anti-glaucoma medications(AGM). His baseline int...Read More
Ten Pearls of Phacoemulsification with PPC
Posterior Polar Cataract is associated with remnants of Tunica vasculosa lentis. (1) It presents as a white opacity situated on the posterior capsule appearing as a circular plaque with concentric whorls. (2) Surgical management of posterior polar cataracts is a challenge even for skilled surgeons due to high risk of posterior capsular rupture and vitreous loss during surgery. (3) 1. Preoperative ...Read More
Diplopia Charting: A Ready Reckoner for the Postgraduates
Diplopia charts are kept in postgraduate examinations during viva sessions. Even in theory examinations also, these topics may be asked. It is not difficult to interpret the charts and all PGs should practice recording the results of these charts. Principle: Dissociation of eyes by means of complementary colors. We use red and green goggles (Armstrong google). In diplopia charting, Red is always i...Read More
Normal flora /Microbiome of the Eye: 10 Facts
1. Definition of Microbiome Microbiomes are communities of organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) that normally reside on any part of the human body (both external and internal) and are in a symbiotic relationship with the host. The members of the microbiome live in close harmony, sharing food and shelter and offering benefits to each other, e.g. some members give protection by secreting extracellul...Read More
Top-Ten-Must-Not-Forget-In-Strabismus-Evaluation
1. External face features affecting the eye position Facial asymmetry and palpebral fissure shape changes alter the ocular position, possibly due to extra-ocular muscle heterotopy The common extra-ocular features affecting ocular position are craniosynostosis, hydrocephalus, facial fracture, mongoloid and anti-mongoloid slant, telecanthus, congenital superior oblique palsy (face fuller on the affe...Read More
Ten Pearls for Treating A Case of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Introduction Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding retinal vasoproliferative disorder affecting premature and low birth weight infants. With improving survival of preterm infants with lower birth weights and gestational ages, ROP is reaching epidemic proportions in many middle- income countries.1 Although a majority of infants would develop a mild self-limiting disease, some c...Read More
Visual Fields in Neuro-Ophthalmology : 10 Pearls for the Postgraduates
1. Is there something we can do before ordering a visual field in neuro-ophthalmology? Confrontation visual field testing is an important clinical examination, especially when it comes to neuro-ophthalmology cases. A simple test can give us clues as to what may be the underlying cause of patients’ symptoms. The test is done presuming the visual field of the examiner is normal. Both the patient and...Read More
Ten Clinical Signs A Postgraduate Must Look For While Examining the Fundus
1. Red Dots! : Microaneurysms Seen in Diabetic Retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, hypertensive retinopathy, radiation retinopathy. Microaneurysms are usually the first ophthalmoscopically detectable sign of diabetic retinopathy. They are focal saccular outpouchings of the capillary wall due to pericyte loss. Arise from the deep part of the inner retinal capillary plexus, and are present in the ...Read More