Cyclic esotropia is a rare form of non-accommodative convergent strabismus which present as 24-hour period of straight eye position followed by 24 hours of large-angle esotropia1. Burian in 1958 described Cyclic esotropia for the first time in English literature2. Duke-Elder3 described the “Cyclic Squint” as a “rare and curious condition which invariably takes the form of a temporary esotropia.” E...Read More
Articles
Current Trends and Techniques in Pneumatic Retinopexy
Introduction Over the past few decades, the approach to treating primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) has undergone significant changes. Initially, scleral buckle (SB) was the standard method, followed by the occasional use of pneumatic retinopexy (PnR), and more recently, pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). This shift has primarily been driven by technological advancements rather than conside...Read More
Trauma to the iris can present in various ways depending on its severity and location. Tear at the iris root leads to Iridodialysis, while tears at the pupillary border can damage the sphincter muscle, leading to a partially reactive, atonic or Mydriatic pupil. Tears can be full thickness or partial thickness. Full thickness defect involves the iris stroma and partial thickness involves only the p...Read More
Seven Important OCT Signs in CNVM
1. Type of macular neovascularisation (MNV): Macular neovascularisation (MNV) is a broad disease entity characterised by the development of the abnormal vessels arising either from the retinal vasculature (deep capillary plexus) or choroidal vasculature (choriocapillaris). Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) is a subtype of MNV, characterised by the abnormal growths of blood vessels from the cho...Read More
Intraocular Lymphoma: Ten Points Every Ophthalmologist Should Know
1. Epidemiology of Intraocular Lymphoma: Intraocular Lymphoma is a rare malignancy accounting for 0.01% of ophthalmic conditions. The term includes primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) with or without primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). 1 Majority of the patients with lymphoma are over 50 years of age. 2 2. Presentations and Potential for Misdiagnosis of Intraocular Lymphoma: PIOL has ...Read More
Ten Tenets Every Ophthalmologist should know about Collaborative Ocular TB Study (COTS)
“Ocular tuberculosis, a disease that we fear, Stealthily attacks the eyes, year after year. In the dark and quiet, it spreads its deadly grime, Causing pain and inflammation, and a loss of sight sometimes. Choroidal TB is the commonest sight, With serpiginous-like choroiditis, it takes its flight. Retinal vasculitis too, causes so much pain, Ocular tuberculosis, an insidious foe, it will remain. B...Read More
Top Ten Tips - Shaping and Sharpening a Clinical Survey
Surveys are helpful in understanding trends in the management of disease, the changes in the way a disease is treated and also how different factors can affect the choices a clinician makes. But the best surveys are the ones that bring out new information on topics, questions or trends that may seem familiar. Here are a few ways on maximising the responses to your survey questions: 1. Brief honest...Read More
Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema
One of the major microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy are the most common causes of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy. Pathogenesis of DME: A simplified understanding of the pathogenesis of DME formation is depicted in Figure 1: The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inflam...Read More
Ten Points A Surgeon Should Know About the Phaco-probe
1. Basic structure of phaco probe Phaco Probe has two attachments (For aspiration & Irrigation) and one wire coming out of back end for power supply and sensors. In the front there is the tip attached to the hand piece, which has a silicon sleeve around it with two apertures. The irrigation tubing are wider in diameter than aspiration and both tubings are colour coded Fig 1 Basic Structure of Phac...Read More
Evaluation of The Optic Nerve Head in Glaucoma
Introduction The diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma is based on the triad of increased intraocular pressure, visual field changes and optic nerve head changes. Apart from the glaucomatous changes in the optic nerve head, the other two factors in isolation lack diagnostic sensitivity. In fact, studies have shown that careful evaluation of the optic nerve head has high specificity and that an ...Read More