Viral uveitis has myriad presentations. They may present as anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, acute retinal necrosis (ARN), progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) and neuroretinitis. The causative viruses mainly include herpes group of viruses and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other DNA viruses which cause uveitis are poxviruses, adenoviruses especially those that produce epidemic k...Read More
Articles
A Beginners Guide to Ophthalmic Surgical Microscope
An operating surgical microscope is the most important optical instrument in the modern era of ophthalmic surgeries. It provides the surgeon with a magnified and illuminated high-quality image of the small ophthalmic structures. Being binocular the surgical microscopes gives the additional benefit of high-quality stereoscopy. History The first German doctor to use a stereomicroscope was Dr. Hans H...Read More
Introduction Recent advances in the pathogenesis, classification, and surgical intervention of idiopathic macular holes have generated a renewed interest in this entity. Better indicators of the visual outcome, as well as refinements in the surgical technique, have led to improvements in the success of macular hole surgery. Clinical characterization and theories on the pathogenesis of macular hole...Read More
Eales Disease: Current Concepts in Etiopathogenesis and Management
Introduction Eales’ disease is an idiopathic retinal periphlebitis that primarily affects the peripheral retina in young adults. Eales’ disease was first described by Henry Eales, a British ophthalmologist, in 1880 and 1882.1,2 He found it in seven young, male patients ranging in age from 14 to 29 years with recurrent vitreous hemorrhage. In addition, these patients had history of headache, variat...Read More
Malarial Retinopathy: A Diagnostic Clue
Introduction Malaria is the most important of parasitic diseases of humans and remains today, as it has been for centuries a large burden on tropical communities. Cerebral malaria is the most important complication of falciparum malaria and also the leading cause of death in malaria 1. It is defined as an acute, symmetric encephalopathy associated with sequestration of parasite-infected erythrocyt...Read More
Introduction Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common retinal vascular disease to cause visual loss in adults after diabetic retinopathy. RVO has been classified into two main types, namely Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), the latter being more prevalent. Hemi-retinal vein occlusion has been classified separately since pathogenetically they...Read More
Perfluorocarbons in Ophthalmology
INTRODUCTION Perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCLs) were first developed in 1970s as possible substitutes to erythrocytes[1],[2] because of their capacity to dissolve relatively large amounts of oxygen. Initial trials with these compounds focused on their feasibility to be used as blood substitutes. These experiments proved the biocompatibility of these compounds. Based on their properties, they were the...Read More
Optical Coherence Tomography- Evolution and Clinical Applications
1. Introduction Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging modality that has revolutionized the practice of clinical ophthalmology over the past decade. OCT provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina, optic nerve head and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) unobtainable by any other current modality, and enables qualitative and quantitative evaluation. As opposed t...Read More
Macular Buckle Indications, Technique and Challenges
Macular Buckling (MB) is simply defined as a modified scleral buckle (SB) surgery where the sclera is remodeled to appose the retina to the sclero-choroidal complex thereby relieving the traction. Unlike conventional SB, where buckle element is placed circumferentially around the eyeball, MB element is placed behind the globe under macula indenting the sclera from posterior. MB has been tried by v...Read More
Choroidal Neovascular Membrane
Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) is an ingrowth of new vessels from the choriocapillaris through a break in the outer aspect of Bruch’s membrane into the sub-pigment epithelial space. These new vessels are accompanied by fibroblasts, resulting in a fibrovascular complex that proliferates within the inner aspect of Bruch’s membrane. This fibrovascular complex can disrupt and destroy the normal...Read More