Management of Subluxated cataract
Zonular compromise complicates every step of cataract surgery and poses a serious challenge in terms of safety and visual outcome. When the lens is displaced from its normal position, it is considered subluxated if it remains in the pupillary area and luxated or dislocated if it is completely displaced from the pupil. Ectopia lentis is the term used to describe congenital dislocations.1 Lens displ...Read More
Fun with Prisms in Ophthalmology
What are prisms? Prisms are nothing but a portion of a refracting medium bordered by two plane surfaces that are inclined at a finite angle. Prisms have a thicker portion called the base of the prism and a tapering portion called the apex of the prism. Prisms are oriented with their apex towards the direction of deviation. What happens to light when it enters a prism? Light has particle and wave c...Read More
Seasonal Hyperacute Panuveitis (SHAPU)
Introduction: Seasonal Hyperacute Panuveitis (SHAPU) is a mysterious eye disease with grave prognosis, reported only from Nepal. Though it was reported for the first time in 1975,1-3 no definite etiopathogenesis has been established to date. It occurs as an outbreak in certain regions of Nepal in a cyclical pattern during the autumn season and peaks during the winter season (August–December) only ...Read More
Epiretinal membranes(ERM) are acquired formation of semi-transparent cellular sheets on the macular surface, which are formed due to varied etiologies. These membranes have contractile properties, often leading to mechanical distortion of macula. The proliferation of ERM on the inner retinal surface along the internal limiting membrane was first described by Iwanoff in 1865 1. In 1971, Roth and Fo...Read More
INTRODUCTION Pars plana vitrectomy as a technique has revolutionized retinal surgery since its advent and initial report by Machemer et al 1. It allowed the removal of traction by an internal method, essential in retinal detachment procedures, as well as provided an active management modality for vitreous haemorrhage and opened the door for surgical intervention in a myriad of retinal pathologies....Read More
Chemical Injuries of Eye - An Update.
Introduction It is very frequent to encounter chemical injury in our routine ophthalmic practice. Most of the chemical injuries are minor, which heal without any squeal. Most are acids and alkalis. Alkali injuries are more common (nearly twice) than acids and are more severe in nature. It is of utmost importance to recognize the nature of chemicals for treating such patients. Here, we review the c...Read More
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. It almost accounts for 2.6% of treatable blindness globally (1). It is estimated that the overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is 34.6 % worldwide, while the prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is 6.96% and that of vision-threatening DR (VTDR) is computed to be 10.2% (2). Currently, the prevalen...Read More
Cornea Edema : Ready Reckoner for the Post Graduates
Corneal edema is defined as the increase in the thickness of cornea due to the accumulation of extracellular fluid in epithelium and stroma resulting in loss of corneal transparency. Pathophysiology: Cornea remains in a relatively dehydrated state maintaining a 78% hydration level. Corneal hydration depends on 5 factors. 1. Stromal swelling pressure (SP) This is the tendency of stroma to swell due...Read More
Introduction First described in 1942, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative retinopathy affecting premature infants of low birth weight. As per the original description by Terry et al, this disease was labelled as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) based on the hypothesis that it involved the proliferation of the embryonic hyaloid system[1] But Owens and Owens later described that in ...Read More
Bacterial Endophthalmitis - Where We Stand ?
Endophthalmitis is a potentially devastating condition of intraocular procedures. It is an inflammation of internal coats of the eye along with inflammation of intraocular cavities i.e. aqueous and vitreous humour that occur as a result of intraocular colonization of microorganisms. It is one of the most feared complications of cataract extraction and other intraocular surgeries. Rarely, infectiou...Read More