Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
A. Introduction There have been multiple refinements in the terminology of the epithelial squamous neoplasia until the introduction of the term “Ocular surface squamous neoplasia” (OSSN) by Lee and Hirst in 19951. OSSN is an umbrella term and refers to a spectrum ranging from mild/moderate/severe dysplasia to carcinoma in situ to invasive squamous cell carcinoma involving the conjunctiva and/or co...Read More
Five things you should know about Micropulse LASER in Glaucoma Management
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with more than 70 million people affected. Traditionally treatment options include topical medications, laser trabeculoplasty, incisional surgeries, glaucoma drainage implants (GDD), and cycloablative procedures. GDD and ciliary body destruction is generally reserved for refractory or end-stage glaucoma in eyes with poor visual poten...Read More
Ocular Sarcoidosis: A Review for the Postgraduates
Introduction: Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystemic granulomatous disorder caused by an exaggerated cellular immune response to a variety of self or non-self-antigens in a genetically predisposed individual resulting in non-caseating granulomas. Ocular involvement occurs in 25-60% of systemic sarcoidosis at some point of time1. In this article, we look at the emerging literature on epidemiology, ...Read More
A slit-lamp is a binocular microscope used for eye examination using a slit-like light beam. In 1911, Allvar Gullstrand a Swedish Ophthalmologist designed table-mounted binocular eyepiece for 3-dimensional visualization of optically clear eye structures. Later Otto Henker, combined Gullstrand slit lamp with Czapski’s binocular microscope resulting in first slit lamp biomicroscope, allowing hand-fr...Read More
Ten Pearls for Performing Vitrectomy in Diabetic Retinopathy
Important terms: Truncation: To relieve all the surrounding traction 360 degree Segmentation: Dividing a larger membranes/FVP into smaller islands of FVP by 360-degree truncation around them. Delamination: Separation of these membranes/FVP from the retinal surface to which they are firmly adherent by creating a plane of dissection between them. Pearl #1 When not to perform vitrectomy in diabetic r...Read More
Visual Electrophysiology Made Simple for the Postgraduates
Visual electrophysiology is an extremely useful tool to study the retinal function objectively. It assesses the functional aspects of not only the retina but also the visual pathway as a whole. Even in this era of advanced imaging, one cannot ignore the importance of the functional aspects of the cellular network in the retina. The commonly used tests with their salient applications are enumerated...Read More
A Beginner's Guide to Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Introduction: Anterior segment ocular imaging has gone through various inventions starting from the ultrasound in the 20th century to the recent AS- OCT.1 Ultrasound bio-microscopy, one of the ocular imaging devices is a high-resolution technique, which allows in vivo assessment of the structures of the anterior segment of the eye where cross-sectional images of ocular structures are obtained at m...Read More
Clinical Applications of Multicolor Imaging
Multicolor imaging (MCI) is a non-invasive retinal imaging modality available in the Spectralis platform (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). It simultaneously acquires three reflectance images of the retina using three individual lasers of different wavelengths: blue (488 nm), green (515 nm), and infrared (820 nm). These penetrate the tissue to different depths, simultaneously capturing...Read More
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Simplified
Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is an opportunistic viral posterior uveitis that occurs mostly in severely immunocompromised Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients or, rarely, in those on immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation, or who are on systemic corticosteroids.1 More than 75% of AIDS patients with CD4+ counts less than 50 cells/?L have CMV retinitis. ...Read More
Viral Uveitis: Ready reckoner for the Postgraduates
Viral ocular infections can cause sight-threatening diseases in humans either as an isolated ocular infection or as a part of systemic illness. Although many viruses may naturally be harbored in human beings, the common ones causing ocular infections include herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). They may remain dormant for several years with periodic ...Read More