Introduction: Macular edema is defined as swelling of the layers of neurosensory retina within the macula. Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a subtype of macular edema characterized by extracellular accumulation of fluid within the outer plexiform layer of the retina in the form of intraretinal cyst. It is known as one of the complications, that develops consequent to a final common pathway in divers...Read More
Uvea and Intraocular Inflammation
How do we treat inflammatory CNVM ?
Inflammatory choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM) cause an acute and significant visual loss 1,2. Mostly affecting eyes with posterior or panuveitis, the chronic recurrent nature of inflammation further worsens the visual prognosis in these eyes, such as serpiginous like choroiditis, punctuate inner choroidopathy (PIC), multifocal choroiditis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease, presumed ocular ...Read More
An Approach to a Case of Retinitis
Inflammation of retinal tissue causes characteristic fundus findings depending on whether it is full-thickness or partial-thickness or outer or inner retinal involvement. Figure 1A: A case of epidemic retinitis: Bright yellow superficial fluffy lesion superiorly to the disc obscuring retinal vessels passing through it is typical of inner or full-thickness retinitis. 1B: A case of progressive outer...Read More
Ocular involvement in TB has been recognized for a long time and was first described in 17111. The spectrum of tuberculosis (TB)-related uveitis is wide. Its diagnosis still remains a challenge due to the lack of uniformity in the diagnostic criteria along with difficulties encountered in confirming the diagnosis by the laboratory methods available. It is a major concern in countries endemic for T...Read More
Introduction: Syphilis is considered as a great mimicker due to its varied protean manifestations. It was first recognized in Europe in the late 15th century.[1] There have been several hypotheses regarding the origin and spread of syphilis and it is believed that the disease was brought back from the New World by the crew of Christopher Columbus, some of whom likely had syphilis on returning to S...Read More
Ten Pearls for Managing a Case of Tubercular Uveitis
Pattern recognition is critical in the diagnosis and treatment of any form of uveitis. Here are 10 pearls that will make it easier to recognize patterns of presentation and resolution in tubercular uveitis. The general approach to diagnosis: We are all aware of the role of identifying clinical signs of TB in the eye and that of ancillary tests for systemic TB (immunological and radiological). Howe...Read More
Ocular Sarcoidosis: A Review for the Postgraduates
Introduction: Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystemic granulomatous disorder caused by an exaggerated cellular immune response to a variety of self or non-self-antigens in a genetically predisposed individual resulting in non-caseating granulomas. Ocular involvement occurs in 25-60% of systemic sarcoidosis at some point of time1. In this article, we look at the emerging literature on epidemiology, ...Read More
A Beginner's Guide to Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Introduction: Anterior segment ocular imaging has gone through various inventions starting from the ultrasound in the 20th century to the recent AS- OCT.1 Ultrasound bio-microscopy, one of the ocular imaging devices is a high-resolution technique, which allows in vivo assessment of the structures of the anterior segment of the eye where cross-sectional images of ocular structures are obtained at m...Read More
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Simplified
Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is an opportunistic viral posterior uveitis that occurs mostly in severely immunocompromised Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients or, rarely, in those on immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation, or who are on systemic corticosteroids.1 More than 75% of AIDS patients with CD4+ counts less than 50 cells/?L have CMV retinitis. ...Read More
Viral Uveitis: Ready reckoner for the Postgraduates
Viral ocular infections can cause sight-threatening diseases in humans either as an isolated ocular infection or as a part of systemic illness. Although many viruses may naturally be harbored in human beings, the common ones causing ocular infections include herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). They may remain dormant for several years with periodic ...Read More