Evaluation of The Optic Nerve Head in Glaucoma
Introduction The diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma is based on the triad of increased intraocular pressure, visual field changes and optic nerve head changes. Apart from the glaucomatous changes in the optic nerve head, the other two factors in isolation lack diagnostic sensitivity. In fact, studies have shown that careful evaluation of the optic nerve head has high specificity and that an ...Read More
Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of posterior uveitis in the world, accounting for over 80% of the cases in some regions[1-5]. For many years, ocular toxoplasmosis was considered to be the result of the recurrence of the congenital form of the disease [6]. However, it is recently believed that acquired infections might be a more important cause of ocular diseases than congenita...Read More
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is a pandemic of global concern, not only due to serious health issues affecting all organs of the body but also due to its huge economic burden.(1) The diagnosis is often associated with social stigma that includes changing sexual practices, lack of availability of a vaccine and the chronicity of the disease requiring lifelong treatment.(2) The disease r...Read More
Anti-VEGFs made Easy for the Postgraduates
The retina is a highly metabolic tissue and needs a constant high supply of oxygen. Insult to either choroidal or retinal vasculature can lead to a hypoxic state. Throughout the years, neovascularization has been seen to occur in areas neighboring such hypoxic areas. In 1989, this hypoxia-inducible and diffusible factor was discovered to be Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), initially coin...Read More
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Comprehensive Review
Introduction: The clinical entity of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) has been known since 1878 (1), and it is a common visually disabling disorder that may cause significant ocular morbidity. It commonly affects men and women equally and occurs predominantly in persons over the age of 65 years (2-4). Associated systemic vascular disease, including hypertension and diabetes, are present in th...Read More
Basics of limbal Stem Cell Deficiency for the Postgraduates
Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells Anatomy: The healthy corneo-scleral limbus (Figure 1) is a gradual transition zone from the stratified, non- keratinised squamous epithelium of the cornea to the stratified, non- keratinised columnar epithelium with mucin-secreting goblet cells of the conjunctiva. It has 7-10 layers of cells, which have attachments similar to the corneal cells. Figure 1: Slit-lamp phot...Read More
Introduction A pterygium is a fibrovascular, wing-shaped encroachment of the conjunctiva onto the cornea, usually in the horizontal meridian of the palpebral fissure. Histopathology shows hyaline degeneration with elastotic proliferation. Risk factors Exposure to ultraviolet light and environmental microtrauma to the ocular surface is thought to predispose to pterygium formation. A localized limba...Read More
Facial Spasms: Diagnosis and Management
Introduction Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both [1]. They may be isolated or combined with other neurological symptoms or movement disorders [1]. Dystonia is classified based on the age of onset, etiology, clinical features, and body distribution. The body distrib...Read More
Introduction Allergic eye disease (AED) is a common problem, owing to the fact that the eye is the first organ to encounter environmental allergens. It has been reported to affect 20% of the population worldwide1, 2. Allergic eye disease is found to be on the rise in line with other atopic diseases like asthma, due to environmental reasons. Classification of Allergic Eye Diseases 1, 4 1. Allergic ...Read More
Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) is a form of ocular inflammation that involves the peripheral portion of cornea and may be associated with systemic conditions such as Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA), Wegener’s Granulomatosis(WG), and other systemic conditions. It is a potentially devastating disorder consisting of a crescent-shaped destructive inflammation at the margin of corneal stroma that is as...Read More