In Vitro Cataract Classification Systems : A Review
In early days, since the whole lenses were readily available from intracapsular cataract surgery, so the early systems of cataract classification1,2,3 were developed for use almost exclusively with isolated lenses. These systems were largely qualitative, and they emphasized nuclear color as the index of the severity of cataract formation; lighting systems that improved visualization of cortical an...Read More
Introduction Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is one of several chorioretinal disorders characterized by serous detachment of the neurosensory retina and ? or the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). CSC is one of the 10 most common diseases of the posterior segment of the eye and a frequent cause of mild to moderate visual impairment.1 History of the disease2,3,4,5,6 1866 – Von graefe – first ...Read More
Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema
Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) is a common cause of visual impairment after cataract surgery. This article systematically reviews and discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of PCME, with a focus on advances in the past 1–2 years.In 1953, Irvine described a cystoid macular edema (CME) that specifically arised after cataract surgery.1 Gass and Norton subsequent...Read More
Management of Rhegmatogenous Retinal detachments- Evidence based Review
Introduction Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) although rare, it is a serious ophthalmic condition that can lead to significant loss of vision or blindness without timely and appropriate management. It has been nearly a century (1918) since Jules Gonin demonstrated the importance of localizing and sealing retinal breaks, a procedure termed ignipuncture.1 Scleral buckling techniques, introduc...Read More
Retinal vasculitis is an inflammatory disease of the blood vessels of the retina that may be associated with primary ocular conditions or with inflammatory or infectious diseases in other parts of the body (systemic diseases). It has been defined as the vascular leakage and staining of vessel walls on fluorescein angiography, with or without the clinical appearance of fluffy, white perivascular in...Read More
Serpiginous Choroiditis: An Update
The word “serpiginous” is an adjective which means “with a wavy or indented margin”. The serpiginous choroiditis shows the similar wavy or amoeboid like lesions in choroid as a result of inflammation of unknown aetiology. The serpiginous choroiditis may be defined as a chronic, progressive, usually bilateral, recurrent in?ammatory condition which affects the choroid, choriocapillaries and retinal ...Read More
Ocular Histopathology: A ready reckoner
Basic histology of the eye Eyelid: Each eyelid consists of skin, subcutaneous tissue, striated muscle fibers of orbicularis oculi, orbital septum and tarsal plates, smooth muscle and conjunctiva. The skin contains sebaceous glands and small sweat glands.The eyelashes are more numerous in the uppereyelid than in the lower. The sebaceous glands of Zeis open into each follicle. Histological photograp...Read More
Retinablastoma:The current concepts
Introduction Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in children, with a reported incidence ranging from 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 18,000 live births.1 It is second only to uveal melanoma in the frequency of occurrence of malignant intraocular tumors. There is no racial or gender predisposition in the incidence of retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is bilateral in about 25 to 35% of cases. ...Read More
The cornea is the transparent tissue that covers the front of the eye.It forms anterior 1/6th of the outer fibrous coat of eyeball. The word cornea has come from “Kerato”. The term “Kerato” in greek means horn or shield like. Ancient Greek used to believe that cornea is derived from same material like that of thinly sliced horn of animal. Embryology: Structure Derived from Corneal epithelium Surfa...Read More
The crystalline lens is a unique transparent, biconvex, avascular intraocular structure with slightly more curved posterior surface .The radius of curvature of anterior surface is 10 mm and that of posterior surface is 6 mm. Lens is a unique structure, which contains cells of a single type, in various stages of differentiation Topography: The center of the anterior surface is called anterior pole ...Read More