Ten Things You Should Know about 3D Viewing System in Ophthalmology
1. Evolution of this latest state of the art technology in ophthalmology: Three-dimensional (3D) display systems were first developed for aircraft and military use. The term “heads-up surgery” derived from the so-called “head-up display”, a display system first used in aircraft flight decks that projects an image into the normal field of view. This display system allows visualization in a “heads-u...Read More
Ten Pearls for Descemet's Membrane Detachment Repair
1. Embryology Understanding the embryological development of the cornea helps us appreciate the reasons for a Descemet's membrane (DM) detachment during surgery. After the lens vesicle separates from the surface epithelium, a wave of mesenchyme forms the primary corneal stroma. A second wave then forms the endothelium, which secretes the DM. The DM, hence, has a potential plane of separation f...Read More
Esotropia Made Simple for the Postgraduates
As like other strabismus, esodeviation can be, True esodeviation Pseudo esodeviation A prominent epicanthic folds 1, 2 Negative angle kappa in high myopes. True esodeviation can be either comitant or incomitant 1,2 A. Comitant I. Accommodative esotropia. Refractive accommodative esotropia (normal AC/A ratio) Non Refractive accommodative esotropia (high AC/A ratio) Hypo accommodative esotropia (red...Read More
Herpetic Eye Disease Study: All You Should Know
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis is the leading cause of corneal blindness in developed as well as developing countries. The ocular disease affects approximately 10 million people worldwide. Herpes viruses are a group of double-stranded DNA viruses with three subfamilies: alpha-, beta- and gamma- herpes viruses. HSV-1, HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) belong to the alpha-subfamily. HSV ...Read More
Choroidal Melanoma: Ready Reckoner for the Postgraduates
Introduction Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults [1]. Second most common type of primary malignant melanoma after cutaneous melanoma. It arises from neuroectodermal melanocytes within the uveal tissue. Epidemiology There is strong racial variation in the incidence, with the white population most commonly affected. The mean age-adjusted incidence of uveal...Read More
Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography: Made Easy for the Postgraduates
Introduction and Gross Anatomy: The retinal and choroidal circulatory system can be visualized in vivo in the presence of normal media clarity. Many important diseases of the retina are related to or associated with the changes in the vasculature of the retina and/or choroid. Hence, it is important to understand the circulatory systems involved to better recognize disease states of the posterior s...Read More
Recurrent Corneal Erosion Syndrome - A Review
Introduction: Recurrent corneal erosion syndrome (RCES) is a chronic, relapsing condition first described by Hansen1, who termed it as ‘‘intermittent neuralgic vesicular keratitis.’’ Stood in 1901 suggested that trauma to the corneal epithelium and anterior stroma resulted in an inability of the new epithelium to form normal attachments to the injured anterior Bowman’s layer 2. Despite more than a...Read More
An Approach to a Case of Retinitis
Inflammation of retinal tissue causes characteristic fundus findings depending on whether it is full-thickness or partial-thickness or outer or inner retinal involvement. Figure 1A: A case of epidemic retinitis: Bright yellow superficial fluffy lesion superiorly to the disc obscuring retinal vessels passing through it is typical of inner or full-thickness retinitis. 1B: A case of progressive outer...Read More
Ten Pearls to Write a Case Report
A thorough and detailed analysis of a single patient history, clinical presentation, course, and outcomes often helps in improving our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease. However, at times, there are certain nuances in every patient that cannot be explained by large dataset-based manuscripts, where there is every chance that several minor, but relevant aspects can be ign...Read More
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Made Simple
Introduction Recent advances in ophthalmic imaging have opened new avenues for a more thorough and extensive understanding of various retinal diseases. Quite a few of these pathologies are attributed directly or indirectly to vascular abnormalities. This renders the need to develop technology capable of providing intricate data of the ocular vasculature. Amongst these is Optical Coherence Tomograp...Read More