OCT in Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV)

Optical Coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized the way we look at retinal disorders. The earliest version of OCT was the time domain OCT following which spectral domain OCT arrived. Advances such as enhanced depth imaging and swept source OCT have furthered our understanding of retinal disorders. Beginning from the early 90s , OCT has vastly improved the way we diagnose, prognosticate , tre...Read More

Articles Retina & Vitreous

Sutures & Needle

Introduction: The goals of wound closure include obliteration of dead space, even distribution of tension along deep suture lines, maintenance of tensile strength across the wound until tissue tensile strength is adequate, and approximation and eversion of the epithelial portion of the closure. Methods for mechanical wound closure include staples, tape, adhesive, and sutures. Each method has speci...Read More

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Advanced Custom Ablation: New Technology for Better Quality of Vision

LASIK is the most widely used technology for the correction of most spherocylindrical ametropias because of its safety and its predictability that leads to excellent outcomes for both the patient and the surgeon. Over the years there has been a progressive refinement of the technique. Customised correction of refractive errors using wavefront technology has revolutionised the way we plan and execu...Read More

Articles Cornea

Normal Values in Ophthalmology

PARAMETER VALUES Diameter of eye ball Antero posterior 24 mm Lateral (horizontal) 23.5 mm Vertical 23 mm Axial length of eye ball At birth 18 mm At 3 yrs age 23 mm At 14 yrs age 24 mm Circumference of eye ball 75 mm Volume of eye ball 6.5 ml Weight of eye ball 7 gm Diameter of ant surface of cornea horizontal 11.75 mm vertical 11 mm Diameter of posterior surface of cornea 11.5 mm Thickness of corn...Read More

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How to evaluate a Humphrey Visual field in Practical Examination

Visual field is the part of environment that is visible to the steadily fixing eye. The limits of visual field for each fixing eye is 60 degrees superiorly and nasally, 75 degrees inferiorly and 110 degrees temporally. Fig 1 shows the normal island of vision as described by TRAQUAIR. The hill is highest at fixation, where the visual sensitivity is highest and as we go peripherally the height of hi...Read More

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Acute Retinal Necrosis

Acute retinal necrosis was first described in Japan by Urayama and colleagues who described six otherwise healthy patients, presented with panuveitis and retinal arteritis developing retinal detachment. At that point of time, this entity was known in the Japanese literature as “Kirisawa uveitis”1.Young and Bird first used the term “bilateral acute retinal necrosis” in 1978 2. In 1982 Culbertson an...Read More

Articles Uvea & Inflammatory Diseases

Diabetic Maculopathy

Diabetic maculopathy is the most common cause of visual impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus. Classification Diabetic maculopathy is classified as – Exudative Maculopathy Ischemic Maculopathy Mixed Maculopathy 1. Exudative Maculopathy (Diabetic Macular Edema) It is diagnosed stereoscopically as retinal thickening within 1 disc diameter of the center of the macula using fundus biomicroscop...Read More

Articles Retina & Vitreous

Endophthalmitis Management in India: a decade and half after the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study

The current management of post-cataract surgery acute endophthalmitis is greatly influenced by the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS). The EVS was a multicentric randomized clinical trial that had asked two important questions: (1) Is vitrectomy necessary in all cases of post intraocular lens (IOL) acute bacterial endophthalmitis? and (2) Does systemic antibiotics help in these cases? The EVS ...Read More

Articles Retina & Vitreous

Dry Eye – A Review

INTRODUCTION: There are several definitions for dry eye available in world literature. The one that I prefer is the following: Dry eye is a disease in which there is a qualitative and /or quantitative decline in the tears accompanied by disorders of the ocular surface. The new definition proposed by the Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) in 2006-07 states: Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of tear film & o...Read More

Articles Cornea

Peripheral Retinal Degenerations

The peripheral retina extends from equator to ora serrata , comprises of extensive degenerative changes and anatomical variations with clinical importance in certain situations indicating the importance of meticulous examination of peripheral retina with indirect ophthalmoscopy. Anatomically, peripheral retinal degenerations can be categorized in the following ways : Vitreo-retinal degenerations :...Read More

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