i-File: Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Retinal Telangiectasia
Question A 61-year-old presented with OU diminution of vision. He complains of distortion of letters which he has noticed in the last few months. He is a well-controlled diabetic for 13 years. There are no other systemic issues. Examination revealed a BCVA of OD 6/18(P) N8, OS 6/24 N8. The anterior segment is unremarkable except for pseudophakia OU (no e/o PCO). Fundus and FFA as shown What is the...Read More
Chief Complaint: A 12-year-old boy presented with redness and a decrease in vision in the left eye within four hours of injury with a top. History of Present Illness: Redness and decrease in vision in the left eye. No other significant complaint. Past Ocular History: No H/O any previous injury. Past Medical History/ History of Medication: No significant ocular past history for which he has used me...Read More
Newer Imaging Technology in Glaucoma
Clinical examination of the disc has been the basis of disc and nerve fibre layer evaluation for ages but it is marred by its subjectivity and non-reproducibility, in the diagnosis and detection of glaucoma. Though visual field changes give concrete and reproducible evidence of glaucomatous changes, it becomes manifest only after considerable damage has occurred to the retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)...Read More
Modern imaging modalities in the field of the retina have expanded our understanding of common pathologies including diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), and many rare retinal diseases such as dystrophies, which were poorly understood before. This chapter describes newer emerging techniques in retinal imaging which enables adva...Read More
Eales Disease: Current Concepts in Etiopathogenesis and Management
Introduction Eales’ disease is an idiopathic retinal periphlebitis that primarily affects the peripheral retina in young adults. Eales’ disease was first described by Henry Eales, a British ophthalmologist, in 1880 and 1882.1,2 He found it in seven young, male patients ranging in age from 14 to 29 years with recurrent vitreous hemorrhage. In addition, these patients had history of headache, variat...Read More
Optical Coherence Tomography- Evolution and Clinical Applications
1. Introduction Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging modality that has revolutionized the practice of clinical ophthalmology over the past decade. OCT provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina, optic nerve head and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) unobtainable by any other current modality, and enables qualitative and quantitative evaluation. As opposed t...Read More
Choroidal Neovascular Membrane
Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) is an ingrowth of new vessels from the choriocapillaris through a break in the outer aspect of Bruch’s membrane into the sub-pigment epithelial space. These new vessels are accompanied by fibroblasts, resulting in a fibrovascular complex that proliferates within the inner aspect of Bruch’s membrane. This fibrovascular complex can disrupt and destroy the normal...Read More
Understanding Retinal Imaging : What Lies Ahead of Us?
“Be careful, now that I can see the Inner You.” -Imaging modalities today Retinal imaging has come a long way today. From times of appropriately concentrating the fluorescein dye from scratch in the lab itself to times where we have a dye free angiography system, technology has covered vast boundaries. There is a platter of different modalities in the market today, each having their own ebb and fl...Read More
Introduction Optical Coherence Tomography is a powerful noninvasive imaging modality that performs high resolution, micron-scale, cross-sectional imaging of the retina. Originally developed in 1991 by Huang et al, [1] OCT technology has continually evolved and expanded within ophthalmology and has been explored in a wide range of clinical applications. With the introduction of Spectral/ Fourier Do...Read More
Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography: Made Easy for the Postgraduates
Introduction and Gross Anatomy: The retinal and choroidal circulatory system can be visualized in vivo in the presence of normal media clarity. Many important diseases of the retina are related to or associated with the changes in the vasculature of the retina and/or choroid. Hence, it is important to understand the circulatory systems involved to better recognize disease states of the posterior s...Read More