Valved Drainage Devices for Pediatric Glaucoma
Introduction Pediatric glaucoma includes a wide variety of conditions that result in elevated intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage, ranging from primary congenital glaucoma since birth to developmental glaucoma associated with other diseases and acquired glaucoma secondary to multiple causes. Depending on the age of the patient, it presents with particular features and circumstances that ne...Read More
Understanding Optic Disc Pallor- Shades of White
Introduction The optic nerve consists of approximately 1.2 million axons that arise from the retinal ganglion cells and acquire myelin sheath proximal to lamina cribrosa. These axons do not have the capacity to regenerate. The normal optic disc is pink in color due to the fact that light entering the optic disc is conducted along the transparent nerve fibers and they diffuse among columns of glial...Read More
Ten Tips for Clearing the FRCS Examination
The FRCS examinations have for long been considered an elite qualification in ophthalmology. While the format and pattern of the examination will evolve in the future, more so due to the special circumstances brought about by the COVID pandemic, certain principles will continue to prevail. The examination generally comprises a written component (multiple-choice questions and/or essay questions) an...Read More
Peek into the Past - Strabismus as a Subspecialty in India
The most exciting thing is to revisit and know when and how it all started. As the saying goes, "You've got to always go back in time if you want to move forward," so what better way than to talk to pioneers in the field of strabismus to know the past to forge into a great future in strabismology. Dr. Sowmya R spoke to the pioneers in the field to know the history of strabismology and share th...Read More
Scleral Fixated Intraocular Lens Implantation- A Comprehensive Review
Introduction Ideally a cataract surgery should result in the placement of an intraocular lens (IOL) within the capsular bag. However, this desirable outcome might be averted due to either preexisting zonular deficit or intraoperative posterior capsular tear, resulting in aphakia. This necessitates the need for an alternate means of IOL implantation. The surgeon can exercise the options of an anter...Read More
Peripheral Retinal Degenerations: A Ready Reckoner
Introduction Peripheral retinal degenerations (PRD) are considered a risk factor for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) [1, 2]. The annual incidence of RRD varies between 6.3 and 18.2 cases per 100,000. RRD develops when liquefied vitreous humor accelerated by rotary eye movements passes through retinal tears or retinal holes into subretinal space and detaches neurosensory retina from the und...Read More
The Novice VR Surgeon -Ten mistakes to avoid
Mastering vitreoretinal surgery is a slow and arduous process with each case being different from the other and it is just about possible to have only a “feel” of a kind of case during the fellowship, not mastery of it. The budding VR surgeon would necessarily have to hone her / his skills in the real world outside their alma mater and the following guidelines can aid mitigate the stress and angst...Read More
Evaluation of a case of Diplopia
What is diplopia or double vision? Diplopia or double vision by definition is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced in any direction. Other terms could be blurred vision, shadowing, or confusion. Is it uniocular or binocular diplopia? The first step to evaluate diplopia is to differentiate between uniocular and binocular diplopias as the management vari...Read More
Ten Pearls for Treatment of TB Uveitis
1. In TB-endemic countries, think of TB as a probable/possible etiology of uveitis in Presence of one or a few large full-thickness choroidal granulomas that show enhanced vascularity/RAP on FFA Retinal periphlebitis with subvascular retinitis/choroiditis lesions/scars that show extensive peripheral retinal ischemia. Multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis/Serpiginous-like choroiditis lesions with vitr...Read More
Retinal imaging has come a long way today. From times of appropriately concentrating the fluorescein dye from scratch in the lab itself to times where we have a dye-free angiography system, technology has covered vast boundaries. There is a platter of different modalities in the market today, each having their own ebb and flow. And what the future beholds for us is certainly inexplicable. To throw...Read More