A New Paradigm for Refractive Surgery: SMILE-Small Incision Lenticule Extraction
Automated lamellar keratoplasty (ALK) was a technique to physically remove a refractive lenticule (the lenticule was merely a disc of corneal tissue) from the cornea after lifting a hinged flap and exposing the stroma. A mechanical microkeratome was used to do both steps of the ALK procedure. In the LASIK procedure, the refractive lenticule was ablated with the excimer laser, while the hinged flap...Read More
Entropion is the turning inward of the eyelid margin. Unlike ectropion, it is symptomatic and injures the ocular surface. The patient seeks medical care early. Ectropion is an eyelid malposition in which the eyelid margin does not oppose the globe. We shall discuss the relevant anatomy and clinical examination for the two entities together. Relevant Anatomy The eyelid can be grossly divided into A...Read More
Corneal Dystrophy: A Ready Reckoner for Postgraduates
Corneal dystrophies are classically defined as a group of inherited disorders of the cornea which is bilateral, symmetric, slowly progressive, and not related to any environmental or systemic factors.1,2 Most of the corneal dystrophies begin in the early decades of life and progress gradually. The effect of these changes in some of the dystrophies may not be clinically apparent till the later year...Read More
Therapeutic Keratoplasty : A Comprehensive Review
Microbial keratitis is a common vision-threatening disease that occurs in all parts of the world and is an important cause of avoidable corneal blindness. Medical therapy is considered a mainstay in the management of microbial keratitis, however, cases that worsen despite medical therapy or have perforation require surgical management1. Therapeutic keratoplasty is a surgical procedure whose primar...Read More
A Postgraduate's Guide To Tonometry
Tonometry is the procedure for the measurement of intraocular pressure. It is the most important risk factor for the development and progression of glaucoma. It is the only factor that can be treated and modified in the management of glaucoma. Therefore, the need for accurate and reproducible measurement of IOP is of utmost importance. Clinical measurement of IOP has undergone several technical ad...Read More
Mirrorless Camera Assisted Ophthalmic Surgery Recording Systems
Introduction Surgical videos are an invaluable medium for surgical education. They allow not only for objective assessment & informative audits but also permit introspective critical analyses of surgical techniques. One may be doing a fantabulous job in his / her operating room but shall never be able to share his/her experience and skill unless the surgical video is recorded in good quality. One ...Read More
New normal - Tenets with Cataract Surgery Every Ophthalmologist Should Know during COVID-19 pandemic
Introduction: Cataract is the second most common cause of preventable blindness worldwide and the most common cause of preventable blindness in India, affecting nearly 65.2 million worldwide [1-5]. To control the number, a high cataract surgery rate (CSR) is required. Sudden lockdown due to the current pandemic led to the cessation of elective cataract surgery [6,7], causing a sharp decline in the...Read More
The retina is the innermost of the three coats of the eye. This layer is responsible for converting relevant information from the image of the external environment into neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain. Broadly retina consists of two primary layers: an inner neurosensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). 1 ? Sensory retina develops from the inner layer of the neuroectod...Read More
Glaucoma in Pseudophakia And Aphakia
Glaucoma in pseudophakia and aphakia is secondary glaucoma in which intraocular pressure (IOP) is elevated following cataract removal. This diagnosis is given only if there was no glaucoma prior to cataract removal.[1] The terms aphakic and pseudophakic glaucoma have been previously used in literature. Currently, this terminology is not preferred. Glaucoma in pseudophakia and aphakia refer to cond...Read More
To most of us, computers have become an irreplaceable necessity in our lives at work and at home. Working on the computer screen at such a short distance can result in eyestrain, blurred vision, redness, irritation of eyes, and posture-related musculoskeletal problems, which is called Computer vision syndrome or digital eye strain. Definition The American Association of Optometrists defines Comput...Read More