Introduction History In 1908 George Coats1 original description of the disease was based primarily on histopathologic examination of enucleated eyes and identified retinal vascular aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, intra- and subretinal hemorrhages, and exudates. Coats categorized eyes with these characteristic morphologic findings into three groups: Group I demonstrated massive subretinal e...Read More
Macular Diseases
Introduction Optical Coherence Tomography is a powerful noninvasive imaging modality that performs high resolution, micron-scale, cross-sectional imaging of the retina. Originally developed in 1991 by Huang et al, [1] OCT technology has continually evolved and expanded within ophthalmology and has been explored in a wide range of clinical applications. With the introduction of Spectral/ Fourier Do...Read More
How do we treat inflammatory CNVM ?
Inflammatory choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM) cause an acute and significant visual loss 1,2. Mostly affecting eyes with posterior or panuveitis, the chronic recurrent nature of inflammation further worsens the visual prognosis in these eyes, such as serpiginous like choroiditis, punctuate inner choroidopathy (PIC), multifocal choroiditis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease, presumed ocular ...Read More
Angioid streaks are visible irregular crack-like dehiscences in Bruch’s membrane that are associated with atrophic degeneration of the overlying retinal pigmented epithelium. Despite 50 % of cases being idiopathic, this condition grabs attention as it requires good history taking and workup to determine the cause. Historical background The first description of angioid streaks was provided in 1889 ...Read More
Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography: Made Easy for the Postgraduates
Introduction and Gross Anatomy: The retinal and choroidal circulatory system can be visualized in vivo in the presence of normal media clarity. Many important diseases of the retina are related to or associated with the changes in the vasculature of the retina and/or choroid. Hence, it is important to understand the circulatory systems involved to better recognize disease states of the posterior s...Read More
An Approach to a Case of Retinitis
Inflammation of retinal tissue causes characteristic fundus findings depending on whether it is full-thickness or partial-thickness or outer or inner retinal involvement. Figure 1A: A case of epidemic retinitis: Bright yellow superficial fluffy lesion superiorly to the disc obscuring retinal vessels passing through it is typical of inner or full-thickness retinitis. 1B: A case of progressive outer...Read More
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Made Simple
Introduction Recent advances in ophthalmic imaging have opened new avenues for a more thorough and extensive understanding of various retinal diseases. Quite a few of these pathologies are attributed directly or indirectly to vascular abnormalities. This renders the need to develop technology capable of providing intricate data of the ocular vasculature. Amongst these is Optical Coherence Tomograp...Read More
Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy : The Beginner's Guide
The technique of examining the fundus of the eye is called ophthalmoscopy. In direct ophthalmoscopy, a virtual and erect image of the fundus is seen. In indirect ophthalmoscopy, a real and inverted image is formed between the condensing lens and the observer. The advantage of stereopsis (depth perception) and a larger field of view makes indirect ophthalmoscope (IDO) more useful both in retina cli...Read More
ILM Peeling Simplified - Ten Tips for the Beginners
1 How to choose the right cases to start Idiopathic macular hole in non-myopic eye is a good case. ILM comes off as a single sheet and underlying retina is healthy. Same applies to traumatic macular holes. Beginners can also start peeling ILM in eyes with epiretinal membrane. Unsuccessful peeling may not jeopardize the long-term outcome significantly here. Peeling ILM for Myopic macular holes or i...Read More
Instruments Used in Vitreoretinal Surgery: A Comprehensive Guide for the Post Graduates
History : While writing about the instrumentation of retinal surgery, the first name came in my mind was the none other than the Jules Gonin, who not only identified the Retinal tear as a prerequisite for the retinal detachment in the way back in 1904 in his first paper with series of 3 cases but also described the management of the same later on after constant hard work over the next two decade. ...Read More