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#Must Read

33 articles
  1. Interesting Reads 2 Apr 2021 21 min read

    A Practical Guide to Data Analysis

    One of the important components of your thesis is analyzing your data. This can range from a few percentages as in a small descriptive study to a more detailed analysis. While collecting data for your thesis it is important to give some thought to what the important parameters that you would want to study are. Make sure that you collect adequate information about these parameters and that you enter the information in a way that it can be analyzed. Doing basic analysis using MS Excel and a few online resources is not difficult for anyone who is a little familiar with using a computer. You do not have to be an expert to do this. This chapter aims to guide you through the steps of identifying the type of data you are working with, guiding you through different common statistical techniques on MS Excel and introducing you to a few online resources. With these basic skills, you will be able to do most of your data analysis on your own. Now that you have finished entering your data completel

    Dr. Ronnie George
  2. Interesting Reads 2 Apr 2021 4 min read

    Ten Tips and Tricks to Examine a child in Your Practice

    1. Choosing the best time: Train your clinic receptionist to ask the parents when the child is likely to be cooperative and/or awake. It is not uncommon for infants to sleep a lot during the day. It is also not uncommon for children on anti-seizure medication to be sleepy, thereby making examination difficult. 2. Child-friendly atmosphere: Train your staff to speak to the child and address the child by name and smile and make the family feel welcome. The décor in the waiting area and in the examination room should be colorful with pictures and cut outs appropriate for a child. Furniture chosen should be non-impact and the flooring safe for children, if they fall. It should also be easy to maintain by wiping down frequently to prevent spread of infection. Using many colorful toys during examination takes away the fear of the experience to some extent for the child. 3.White coats: A child often associates white coats with doctors and hospitals. Hence it is best to avoid wearing one. If c

    Dr. Meenakshi Swaminathan
  3. Interesting Reads 2 Apr 2021 21 min read

    Musings from the Wise in the Covid Era

    We all are in the midst of an unprecedented global crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This global pandemic has changed the ophthalmology practice pattern and there is an atmosphere of growing uncertainty among the ophthalmologists. We three spoke to some of the finest and sharpest minds in Indian ophthalmology and teachers of the teachers. Dr. Amod Gupta is a world-renowned ophthalmologist and teacher of teachers. Dr. Gupta retired from the Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. Dr. Amod Gupta has been a teacher and mentor to many for over four decades. Dr. Gullapalli Nageswara Rao founded the L V Prasad Eye institute in 1987. Dr. G N Rao has shaped many minds in his illustrious career in the field of ophthalmology. He has notable contributions to the advancement of ophthalmology in the nation. He currently holds the honorable position as the Chair of the Academia Ophthalmological Internationalis. Dr. Lingam Gopal is a pion

    Dr. Soumya Podury · Dr. Tandava Krishnan · +1 other
  4. Interesting Reads 2 Apr 2021 4 min read

    Editor's Take: Prof. Francesco Bandello

    Research forms an important part in the development of the scientific community. It has implications for formation of policies and future implementation. For many of us it is the first time navigating through uncharted territories while many have tread this path repeatedly. But a question that remains in every researcher's mind is what one must keep in mind before formally taking up the study that would make the research acceptable in the scientific space. At eOphtha we are introducing a section “Editors’ Take” where we would help bring to you the views and inputs of some of the reputed reviewers and researchers in the field of ophthalmology. We hope this would help further the research aspirations of our readers and bring to light some interesting perspectives from the who’s who in the vast world of research. In our first chapter we had the opportunity to get the perspective from Professor Francesco Bandello from the prestigious Raffael Hospital in Milan. Professor Bandello gives us a

    Team eOphtha
  5. Interesting Reads 1 Apr 2021 2 min read

    Covid Time: Standard Operating Procedures of Various Ophthalmic Societies & Institutes

    COVID-19 pandemic has eclipsed the earth. And we need to fight it together; together with our joint efforts, we can defeat this pandemic. As ophthalmologists, we are one of the frontline commandos against it. From eOphtha, we have tried to compile various standard operating procedures and guidelines being followed by various ophthalmic and optometry practices all over the world. Kindly click the links below. Please email your recommendations and guidelines for Ophthalmologists or Optometrists during the COVID-19 pandemic to drrohit999@gmail.com Standard Operating Procedures and Guidelines All India Ophthalmological Society (AIOS): AIOS Operational Guidelines for Ophthalmic Practice during COVID 19 outbreak American Academy of Ophthalmology: Important Corona Virus Updates for ophthalmologists: Important Corona Virus Updates for Ophthalmologists American Society of Retina Specialists ASRS: Recommendations for Conducting Vitreoretinal Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic Canadian Society

    Dr. Rohit Rao
  6. Articles 1 Apr 2021 6 min read

    Refraction Simplified for the Post Graduates

    The optics of the eye normally creates a clear image by refracting rays of light to focus on the retina. Imperfections in this optical system create aberrations and thus blurred images. The goal is to analyze them and devise a means to eliminate them. Lower order aberrations are primarily refractive errors when parallel rays of light after refracting, do not focus on the retina with accommodation at rest. 1. Retinoscopy It is the objective method of detecting refractive errors by a method of neutralization. Point focus formed at a far point of the eye according to its refractive status. For e.g. In a patient with 1 dioptre of myopia, the far point is at 1 meter. For easy mathematical calculations, 1metre is used for retinoscopy. But practically, 66cm is preferred as it is easier to perform retinoscopy at an arm’s length (which is 66cm). The two principal meridia are recognized and power is determined by neutralization. Usually the two meridia are 90 degrees and 180 deg. In cases of obl

    Dr. R Krishna Prasad · Dr. Sayali D Mahajan
  7. Articles 1 Apr 2021 19 min read

    A (VAST)IN Saga

    Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A is a key mediator of angiogenesis. The discovery of VEGF-A, like many other major discoveries in medicine, happened partly by observations and partly by chance. Napoleone Ferrara and his team were working on a population of non-hormone-secreting cells from the anterior pituitary of cows. (1) One day Ferrara mixed some isolates from cultures of follicular cells with endothelial cells. Ferrara was surprised to see the rapidly proliferating endothelial cells started rapidly. Ferrara understood that the pituitary cells were secreting an angiogenic protein. With this observation, Ferrara worked on the isolation and cloning of this angiogenic protein. In 1989, Napoleone Ferrara and Hazel at Genentech laboratory were the first to isolate and clone vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Ferrara recalls, “I worked on the isolation of VEGF in my spare time during my first six months to a year at Genentech. Once we cloned VEGF in 1989, the company b

    Dr. Bikramjit Pal · Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
  8. Interesting Reads 1 Apr 2021 10 min read

    Publish or Perish

    The catch phrase ‘Publish or perish’ among the scientific community to mean ‘either publish your research or lose your job’ is a constant threat that hangs like a Damocles’ sword on their heads. ‘Publish or perish’ also signifies the reality and pressures for progress of science in the world of academia that is becoming hugely competitive. In an increasingly connected and globalized world, nobody, located in how so ever remote an institution, can claim to be untouched by this menace. Why do science? Science is altruistic, it is selfless without any motive except gaining recognition for the person doing it or the institution or the lab where the science is being done. There are no immediate personal financial gains for the scientists except that recognition in the peer group nationally and internationally is an award itself. It also facilitates easier acceptance of future grants for the individual scientists and the institutions from various funding agencies. What is science? Science is

    Prof. Amod Gupta
  9. Anatomy of eye 1 Apr 2021 28 min read

    Anatomy of Retina

    The retina is the innermost of the three coats of the eye. This layer is responsible for converting relevant information from the image of the external environment into neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain. Broadly retina consists of two primary layers: an inner neurosensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). 1 ? Sensory retina develops from the inner layer of the neuroectoderm, whereas RPE is derived from the outer layer of the neuroectoderm. The RPE is continuous anteriorly with the pigment epithelium of the ciliary body. Sensory retina extends from the optic disc to ora serrata, where it is continuous with non-pigmented ciliary epithelium.1 Between the neural retina and RPE, there is a potential space known as subretinal space. The adhesion between neural retina and RPE is relatively weak. The neural retina is firmly attached at its anterior termination, the ora serrata, and at the margins of the optic nerve head. The ora serrata is located 4-6 mm behind cilia

    Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
  10. Interesting Reads 1 Apr 2021 16 min read

    Ten Clinical Trials in Retinal Diseases Every Postgraduate Should Know

    1. CATT (Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials)1 Description A prospective, multicenter, single-blind, noninferiority randomized clinical trial. 1208 patients with neovascular AMD were enrolled from February 2008 and randomly assigned to receive intravitreal injections of ranibizumab (0.5 mg/0.05 ml) or bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 ml) on either a monthly schedule or as needed with monthly evaluation. Patients aged ? 50 years with active, subfoveal CNV, fibrosis < 50% of total lesion area, visual acuity 20/25-20/320 and at least 1 drusen (>63?) in either eye or late AMD in fellow eye were eligible. The primary outcome was the mean change in visual acuity at 1 year, with a noninferiority limit of 5 letters on the eye chart. Results At one year, all four groups had similar improvements in visual acuity. Groups had similar rates of adverse events, though patients receiving bevacizumab had more occurrences of ?1 serious adverse event than those in the ranibizumab gr

    Dr. Neha Goel, MBBS MS MNAMS DNB FRCS (Glasgow)

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