Articles

1–10 of 232 articles Page 1 of 24
All Cornea 36 Cataract 17 Glaucoma 13 Retina & Vitreous 72 Neurophthalmology 8 Oculoplasty 15 Uvea & Inflammatory Diseases 24 Miscellaneous 20 Oncology 9 Pediatric Ophthalmology 15
  1. Pinned 12 May 2026 9 min read

    Ten Caveats in Primary Posterior Capsulorhexis and Anterior Vitrectomy in Pediatric Cataracts

    Unlike in adults , the risk of risk of developing visual axis opacification (VAO) after cataract surgery in children is nearly 100%.[1,2] Hence the need for primary posterior capsulotomy (PPC) and anterior vitrectomy (automated/manual) in pediatric cataract surgeries.Let us answer the few salient features of PPC and AV in following ten questions , 1. Why PPC is needed? The anterior hyaloid face in infants and young children is highly reactive and closely linked to the posterior capsule. It serves as a scaffold for the accumulation of lens epithelial cells and other inflammatory cells, resulting in VAO in almost all cases.[3,4] The VAO will continue to have the amblyogenic effect nullifying the purpose of cataract surgery in the child. Further the amblyogenic effect of VAO increases as the age of the child decreases. Therefore, PPC with/without anterior vitrectomy is necessary to determine the ultimate visual outcome of cataract surgery in young children. Further In addition, PPC may al

    Dr. Disha Agarwal · Dr. Sowmya R, MS,FMRF, FAICO
  2. Pinned 1 Sep 2025 7 min read

    Retinopathy Of Prematurity: 10 Things for the Ophthalmologist to Know

    1. The birth of ROP: Retinopathy of prematurity ROP was born as a corollary of improved neonatal care when smaller/ more premature babies began to survive with oxygen support. While a number of risk factors have been studied, prematurity and oxygen have emerged as major driving factors in the pathogenesis of ROP. Animal models have provided deeper insights into understanding this relatively new blinding disease in mankind. 2. The Burden: An estimated 13.4 million babies were born preterm in 2020, of which 3.02 million were from India, accounting for over 23% of all preterm births worldwide. [1,2] Also, in India, it is not uncommon for heavier and older babies to develop treatment?requiring ROP, unlike in the developed countries, due to the more rampant use of unregulated oxygen as a lifesaving measure.[3] With this, the burden of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening has increased tremendously in the backdrop of a preexisting strained doctor?to?preterm child ratio with

    Dr. Puja Maitra
  3. Pinned 29 Aug 2025 9 min read

    New Frontiers in Uveitis Management: Five Drugs to Watch

    The management of uveitis is rapidly evolving with the introduction of novel therapeutic molecules targeting key inflammatory pathways. This article highlights five promising drugs currently under clinical evaluation, offering hope for more effective and safer treatment options. While early results are encouraging, most of these agents are yet to complete phase 3 trials, and their long-term safety and efficacy remain to be established. Until then, clinicians must remain cautiously optimistic and await further evidence before these therapies can reshape uveitis care. 1. Brepocitinib Brepocitinib is an oral small-molecule inhibitor targeting Janus kinase 1 (JAK 1) and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2). Unlike many other JAK inhibitors that may block several JAK family kinases broadly (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3), brepocitinib selectively inhibits TYK2 and JAK1 while sparing JAK2 and JAK3 to a significant degree. This selectivity translates into targeted suppression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines—such as

    Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
  4. Pinned 15 Jun 2025 13 min read

    Ten Pearls in the Management of Uveitis

    While the diagnosis and treatment of uveitis may seem like a daunting task to the beginner, there are some tips and tricks which help to identify specific uveitides and help in appropriate treatment. If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, chances are, it is probably a duck. 1. Infectious vs Non infectious : It is crucial to make this differentiation as , even though certain features may be similar in both, the treatment vastly differs for these two entities. Certain clues in the history and clinical examination , in addition to the laboratory investigations will aid you in making this distinction. A recurrent nodular scleritis in a farmer with recent history of injury with vegetative matter is most likely infective.1 A focal necrotising retinits lesion adjacent to a chorioretinal scar with significant vitritis in a person who has close interaction with cats is ocular toxoplasmosis, the most common cause of infectious posterior uveitis.2 If patient gives hist

    Dr. Rajashree E · Dr. Lisa Sunny · +1 other
  5. Pinned 8 May 2025 13 min read

    Differentiating true disc edema from pseudo disc edema: Utility of Multimodal imaging

    Papilledema is a term used to define optic disc edema. However, it is specifically used for non-inflammatory, often bilateral, passive edema of the optic nerve head secondary to raised intracranial tension. The cause for raised intracranial pressure can be space-occupying lesions, meningitis, or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The disc swelling results due to axoplasmic stasis and intracellular fluid accumulation. Ophthalmoscopically, the disc appears elevated, and hyperemic, with blurred margins. The ophthalmoscopic signs of papilledema include mechanical and vascular signs [Table 1]. Mechanical signs Vascular signs a.Elevation of the disc surface b.Blurring of the disc margins c.Filling of the cup d. Edema and opacification of the nerve fiber layer e.Paton’s lines or retinochoroidal folds (in circumpapillary fashion) a. Disc hyperemia b. Congested veins c. Splinter hemorrhages in peripapillary area d. Absence of spontaneous venous pulsations e. Macular star formation at later s

    Madhurima A Nayak · Dr. NV Raghunath Rao · +1 other
  6. Pinned 18 Apr 2025 4 min read

    Dos and Donts of Intraocular Foreign Bodies

    Penetrating ocular trauma with retained intraocular foreign body (IOFB) is a relatively common cause of avoidable blindness. IOFB is associated with 18%-41% of penetrating ocular injuries (1) Most of these injuries are workplace related (2). Young working age males are affected by a large majority (1). These patients need thorough evaluation and treatment on a priority basis to reduce visual morbidity. Following article describes Do’s and Don’ts of a patient with IOFB. Dos Take detailed history including medico legal aspects of trauma, circumstances of trauma, type of IOFB etc, Medico legal formalities must be completed at time of first contact History of systemic diseases should be elicited to r/o uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyper or hypothyroidism etc. They may have implications in planning anesthesia and intraocular surgery Make sure visual acuity is evaluated and documented before proceeding with clinical evaluation Detailed documentation of each examination, pre

    Dr. Maneesh Bapaye
  7. 6 Sep 2025 3 min read

    Six Useful Apps and Glasses for Colourblind Patients: A Guide for Ophthalmologists

    Colourblindness makes many everyday tasks difficult—such as recognizing traffic signals, selecting clothes, or interpreting colour-coded information. For those affected, even simple activities can become challenging. At present, there is no permanent treatment available for colourblindness. However, ophthalmologists can play an important role in improving patients’ daily lives by recommending effective visual aids. With recent advances, several options are now within easy reach. Mobile applications can instantly identify and label colours, while specially designed glasses can enhance colour perception, particularly in red-green colourblindness. This short write-up highlights six practical aids—both apps and glasses—with links for direct access. By guiding patients to these resources, ophthalmologists can help them adapt better and manage their condition with greater confidence. 1. EnChroma Glasses EnChroma is a world leader in colourblind glasses designed to enhance red-green colour di

    Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
  8. 10 Jan 2025 7 min read

    Do's and Don'ts of Managing a Nucleus Drop: A Guide for Beginners

    Managing a nucleus drop during cataract surgery is one of the most challenging and critical situations an ophthalmic surgeon may encounter. While it’s a rare occurrence, its management demands quick thinking, precise action, and a thorough understanding of both anterior and posterior segment techniques. The goals are always to preserve vision, prevent complications, and optimize the long-term outcomes for the patient. Different surveys in India have found the incidence rate of nucleus drop between 0.04-0.1%. (1,2) Dropped nucleus and cortical remnants occur most commonly in phacoemulsification, than other techniques of cataract surgery. (3) Certain conditions associated with posterior capsular or zonular weakness have a higher risk of nucleus drop in cataract surgery. These include the following (4): Pseudoexfoliation syndrome Advanced or intumescent cataract Traumatic cataract Previous intraocular surgeries like vitrectomy or glaucoma procedures Difficult situations like shallow AC, s

    Dr. Dhanashree Ratra · Dr. Sakshi Ramnani
  9. 8 Aug 2024 10 min read

    Instrumentation for IOFB removal

    Removal of a retained intraocular foreign body (IOFB) is one of the very few ophthalmic emergencies which can cause a nightmare like situation at times even for an experienced surgeon. Careful evaluation and meticulous planning can help us achieve good anatomical and functional outcomes in these complex scenarios. It is extremely important to choose the right instrument for removal of IOFB based on its size, shape & nature. This will minimize any unnecessary prolonged maneuvers and also minimize trauma to the surrounding tissues. Here, we will focus on instrumentation that are available and needed for various posterior segment IOFB. IOFB extraction techniques vary according to factors such as the location, content, magnetic properties, and extent of local damage. There are two crucial steps in IOFB removal 1) Lifting the foreign body 2) Removal of foreign body. An important decision to be made while approaching an IOFB is to determine its nature, magnetic or non-magnetic. Endomagnets:

    Dr. Prabu Baskaran · Dr. Savithiri Palanivel · +1 other
  10. 8 Apr 2024 18 min read

    Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) : Tips & Tricks for Postgraduates

    Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), a century-old procedure described by Toti in the early 1900s, remains the gold standard for treating Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction (NLDO).1 For any other procedure related to the treatment of NLDO, they are all compared and evaluated against DCR. The surgical anatomy overlaps the areas of expertise of an ophthalmologist or an oculoplastic specialist and an otolaryngologist, as the majority of the Nasolacrimal duct lies in the nasal cavity. Therefore, both external and endonasal approaches are available. In 1893, Caldwell first described the endonasal approach of DCR,2 and almost a decade later, in 1904, Toti described the external approach of DCR, which became the gold standard for the treatment of NLDO. The main goal of DCR is to create a fistulous tract lined with epithelium from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Although the endonasal approach was first described, it did not gain popularity due to the non-availability of nasal endoscopes and diffic

    Dr. Saurabh Kamal