Uvea & Inflammatory Diseases

1–10 of 24 articles Page 1 of 3

All Cornea 36 Cataract 17 Glaucoma 14 Retina & Vitreous 72 Neurophthalmology 8 Oculoplasty 15 Uvea & Inflammatory Diseases 24 Miscellaneous 20 Oncology 9 Pediatric Ophthalmology 16

9 min read

New Frontiers in Uveitis Management: Five Drugs to Watch

The management of uveitis is rapidly evolving with the introduction of novel therapeutic molecules targeting key inflammatory pathways. This article highlights five promising drugs currently under clinical evaluation, offering hope for more effective and safer treatment options. While early results are encouraging, most of these agents are yet to complete phase 3 trials, and their long-term safety and efficacy remain to be established. Until then, clinicians must remain cautiously optimistic and await further evidence before these therapies can reshape uveitis care. 1. Brepocitinib Brepocitinib is an oral small-molecule inhibitor targeting Janus kinase 1 (JAK 1) and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2). Unlike many other JAK inhibitors that may block several JAK family kinases broadly (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3), brepocitinib selectively inhibits TYK2 and JAK1 while sparing JAK2 and JAK3 to a significant degree. This selectivity translates into targeted suppression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines—such as

Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
13 min read

Ten Pearls in the Management of Uveitis

While the diagnosis and treatment of uveitis may seem like a daunting task to the beginner, there are some tips and tricks which help to identify specific uveitides and help in appropriate treatment. If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, chances are, it is probably a duck. 1. Infectious vs Non infectious : It is crucial to make this differentiation as , even though certain features may be similar in both, the treatment vastly differs for these two entities. Certain clues in the history and clinical examination , in addition to the laboratory investigations will aid you in making this distinction. A recurrent nodular scleritis in a farmer with recent history of injury with vegetative matter is most likely infective.1 A focal necrotising retinits lesion adjacent to a chorioretinal scar with significant vitritis in a person who has close interaction with cats is ocular toxoplasmosis, the most common cause of infectious posterior uveitis.2 If patient gives hist

Dr. Rajashree E · Dr. Lisa Sunny · +1 other
7 min read

Intraocular Lymphoma: Ten Points Every Ophthalmologist Should Know

1. Epidemiology of Intraocular Lymphoma: Intraocular Lymphoma is a rare malignancy accounting for 0.01% of ophthalmic conditions. The term includes primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) with or without primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). 1 Majority of the patients with lymphoma are over 50 years of age. 2 2. Presentations and Potential for Misdiagnosis of Intraocular Lymphoma: PIOL has varied presentations; but most commonly, it masquerades as intermediate and/or posterior uveitis; seen mostly as subretinal yellowish creamy lesions with an associated leopard skin type of retinal hyperpigmentation (Figure 1). 3 Figure 1: Shows typical subretinal yellowish creamy lesions with an associated leopard skin type of retinal hyperpigmentation seen in a 44-year-old lady with biopsy proven CNS lymphoma It usually originates from vitreoretina, thus known as primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) or from uveal tissue and also the optic nerve. 4 In our experience it has masqueraded and bee

Dr. Mayur R. Moreker, MS (Ophthalmology); MA (Counselling Psychology) · Dr. Sunila Jaggi, MD (Radiology) · +1 other
9 min read

Ten Tenets Every Ophthalmologist should know about Collaborative Ocular TB Study (COTS)

“Ocular tuberculosis, a disease that we fear, Stealthily attacks the eyes, year after year. In the dark and quiet, it spreads its deadly grime, Causing pain and inflammation, and a loss of sight sometimes. Choroidal TB is the commonest sight, With serpiginous-like choroiditis, it takes its flight. Retinal vasculitis too, causes so much pain, Ocular tuberculosis, an insidious foe, it will remain. But hope remains, with the Collaborative Ocular TB Study, Bringing us ten tenets, so clear and so sturdy. To help diagnose and treat, with accuracy and care, And fight against this disease, with the best of our repair. So let's raise awareness, and educate all we can, For ocular TB, we must take a stand. With early diagnosis and prompt treatment in mind, We'll fight this disease, and leave it far behind” *Poem generated by AI # 1: Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS): What does it represent? The conundrum faced by uveitis specialists is the challenge of establishing a clear and irrefu

Prof. Vishali Gupta · Dr. Rupesh Agrawal
7 min read

HLA-B27 associated Acute Anterior Uveitis

Introduction Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) results from a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier and acute inflammation of the iris and ciliary body. It is the most common form of uveitis encountered the world over. Keratic precipitates (KPs) are characteristic of AAU and represent inflammatory cells that deposit on the corneal endothelium due to the upregulation of adhesion molecules in response to local chemoattractant cytokines. The association between HLA (human leukocyte antigen)-B27, a human major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and its gamut of inflammatory diseases and HLA-B27 associated AAU was first described in 1973 and to date, it remains one of the strongest HLA-disease associations known. Epidemiology Though most epidemiological studies are based in tertiary referral centers and have a referral bias towards posterior and intermediate uveitis, anterior uveitis is the most common form of uveitis encountered in most parts of the world. HLA-B27 AAU comprises cases of acute a

Dr. Abhilasha Baharani
22 min read

Ocular Toxoplasmosis

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of posterior uveitis in the world, accounting for over 80% of the cases in some regions[1-5]. For many years, ocular toxoplasmosis was considered to be the result of the recurrence of the congenital form of the disease [6]. However, it is recently believed that acquired infections might be a more important cause of ocular diseases than congenital ones[7-9]. Acquired infections occur secondary to ingestion of uncooked and infected meat, contaminated vegetables, or water. Epidemiology: The Toxoplasma Gondii infection is one of the most common zoonoses in the world. A large percentage of the population has chronic asymptomatic disease[10]. The prevalence varies extensively in different regions, depending on socioeconomic, geographic, and climatic factors. A high prevalence is found in tropical areas close to sea level, and a lower prevalence is found in arid regions, cold climates, and at high altitudes. In addition, the habit of eating

Dr. Deepika MP · Dr. Nidhi Dubey · +1 other
24 min read

Ocular Manifestations of HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is a pandemic of global concern, not only due to serious health issues affecting all organs of the body but also due to its huge economic burden.(1) The diagnosis is often associated with social stigma that includes changing sexual practices, lack of availability of a vaccine and the chronicity of the disease requiring lifelong treatment.(2) The disease runs a severe course, involving multiple organs. Ocular lesions are varied and can affect any structure, usually in the late phase of HIV infection. Rarely, these lesions can be the presenting manifestations of the disease. While a variety of cell types may be infected by HIV, the immunologic hallmark is the selective loss of the CD4+ T cells. CD4 is a cell surface marker that identi?es the helper/inducer subset of T cells. During the initial phases of infection, a majority of patients remain asymptomatic. With a decrease in the CD4+ T cell count (< 500 cells/µL) the immune system shows evidenc

Dr. Sharanya Abraham
49 min read

Viral Uveitis

Viral uveitis has myriad presentations. They may present as anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, acute retinal necrosis (ARN), progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) and neuroretinitis. The causative viruses mainly include herpes group of viruses and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other DNA viruses which cause uveitis are poxviruses, adenoviruses especially those that produce epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and pharyngoconjunctival fever. RNA viruses isolated are influenza virus, mumps virus, measles virus, rubella virus, rift valley fever virus and Newcastle virus. Here we have discussed all the different types of viral uveitis except opportunistic viral infections in HIV. ANTERIOR UVEITIS Viral anterior uveitis is caused mainly by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus virus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) type 6, 7 and 8 (1-3). Herpes literally means ‘to crawl’ from the Greek word ‘herpein’. Herpes

Dr. Vinita Rao · Dr. Gunjan Deshpande
12 min read

Eales Disease: Current Concepts in Etiopathogenesis and Management

Introduction Eales’ disease is an idiopathic retinal periphlebitis that primarily affects the peripheral retina in young adults. Eales’ disease was first described by Henry Eales, a British ophthalmologist, in 1880 and 1882.1,2 He found it in seven young, male patients ranging in age from 14 to 29 years with recurrent vitreous hemorrhage. In addition, these patients had history of headache, variation in peripheral circulation, chronic constipation and epistaxis. In the next century, the disease was redefined by several investigators. 3-6 Elliot first recognized the inflammation of retinal vein and described it as periphlebitis retinae.4 Subsequently several investigators documented both venular and arteriolar inflammation.5,7 Eales’ disease most commonly affects healthy young adult males and is an important cause of preventable blindness in young adults. The predominant age of onset of symptoms is 20-30 years. The disease is more commonly seen in the Indian subcontinent. However, it ha

Sandeep Saxena · MAMS
6 min read

Malarial Retinopathy: A Diagnostic Clue

Introduction Malaria is the most important of parasitic diseases of humans and remains today, as it has been for centuries a large burden on tropical communities. Cerebral malaria is the most important complication of falciparum malaria and also the leading cause of death in malaria 1. It is defined as an acute, symmetric encephalopathy associated with sequestration of parasite-infected erythrocytes in the cerebral vessels and capillaries in patients with falciparum malaria 2. WHO Criteria for Diagnosis The World Health Organization has laid down definite guidelines for diagnosis and management of cerebral malaria 3. This definition requires the presence of unarousable coma using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), exclusion of other encephalitides, especially bacterial meningitis and if possible, locally prevalent encephalitis and the presence of asexual forms of P. falciparum in the blood film. Retinal Involvement in Cerebral Malaria Eye being an extension of the brain, retina provides a u

Sandeep Saxena · MAMS · +2 others