1. Articles 13 min read

   Ocular Oncology Basics: Treatment Strategies In Intraocular Malignancies

   “Cancer can take away all of my physical abilities. It cannot touch my mind, it cannot touch my heart, and it cannot touch my soul.” Jim Valvano Treating malignancies I believe, brings the true human spirit forward of the treating physician. Breaking the news of malignancy to a patient is as heartbreaking for the physician as it is for the patient. Yet the doctor must keep his feelings aside and do his best. Even though the human eye forms a small fraction of the human body, malignancies of all sorts and sizes can be found inside. Treatment is complex and takes a lifetime to master. In this section, I will summarize the various treatment modalities used in intraocular malignancy with a small write-up on chemotherapy and radiotherapy. 1. CRYOTHERAPY Principle of cryotherapy [1],[2] Direct effect Indirect effects: Initial freezing causes vasoconstriction and then the process of thawing causes vasodilation leading to increased permeability and edema Secondary endothelial damage leads to f

   Dr. Bikramjit Pal
2. Articles 11 min read

   Ten Pearls for the Management of Posterior Capsular Rupture

   Posterior capsular rupture (PCR) is an important complication of cataract surgery whose timely recognition and appropriate management can ensure a good visual outcome. Here are ten pearls for its prevention and management. Pearl 1: Understand the risk/predisposing factors It is imperative to assess the preoperative and intra-operative risk to prevent the development of a PCR. Elderly, anxious, and uncooperative patients are at a higher risk of developing posterior capsular rupture. Extraocular factors include a deep socket, narrow palpebral fissures, exaggerated bell’s phenomenon, hazy cornea, and intraocular factors are poor mydriasis, shallow or excessively deep anterior chamber, pseudoexfoliation, and type of cataract (like posterior polar, traumatic, post-intravitreal injections, intumescent or hard cataract), previous vitrectomy or oil-filled eyes. Surgical factors like inexperience of the surgeon, leaking incisions, small capsulorhexis, radial tears in rhexis, fluid imbalance in

   Dr. Arup Chakrabarti · Dr. Nirupama Kasturi
3. Articles 12 min read

   Pterygium: A Review

   Introduction A pterygium is a fibrovascular, wing-shaped encroachment of the conjunctiva onto the cornea, usually in the horizontal meridian of the palpebral fissure. Histopathology shows hyaline degeneration with elastotic proliferation. Risk factors Exposure to ultraviolet light and environmental microtrauma to the ocular surface is thought to predispose to pterygium formation. A localized limbal stem cell dysfunction, possibly related to ultraviolet induced damage and a genetic predisposition has also been postulated. Pathogenesis Pterygium pathogenesis can be considered as occurring in two stages: the initial disruption of the limbal corneal-conjunctival epithelial barrier, and the progressive “conjunctivalization” of the cornea characterized by cellular proliferation, inflammation, connective tissue remodeling, and angiogenesis Morphology Head—the part which rests on the cornea Neck— constricted portion seen at the limbus Body – remaining bulk of mass Cap—a semilunar infiltrating

   RS Dr. Ramya Subramaniam · Dr. Srinivas K Rao
4. Articles 12 min read

   Keratoconus

   Introduction: Keratoconus is a degenerative non-inflammatory disease of the cornea. It presents generally at puberty with progressive corneal steepening & thinning, most typically inferior to the center of the cornea. Keratoconus is characterized by progressive Myopia, both regular and irregular astigmatism in mild cases and vision compromising ectasia in advanced disease. It is usually bilateral and asymmetrical. The incidence of keratoconus is 1 in 2000. Patients often present with complaints of distorted, blurred vision, glare, light sensitivity and history of frequent change of glasses. PATHOGENESIS: Despite extensive research the etiology and exact pathogenesis of keratoconus is still not clearly established. It has been associated with atopic disease and chronic eye rubbing like in patients with Down’s Syndrome & Atopic dermatitis. There has been a possibility of genetic and hereditary disposition. It has been associated with systemic diseases like the Ehler-Danlos syndrome, oste

   Dr. Sujatha Mohan
5. Articles 7 min read

   Zotero: A Quick Start Guide

   Tracking, collecting, organizing, reading, and assimilating the relevant references is an integral process of any scientific research. But this process is laborious when done manually. Hence was the development of reference management softwares (Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote, etc.) for the digitalization of relevant scholarly materials and facilitating the process of managing references. Reference managers provide an efficient way to the scientific authors (a) to track, collect and organize several reference materials. They also provide (b) virtual library with unlimited storage for reference materials with backup, (c) aid in easy management of the process of citation and automatic insertion of a reference/bibliography list in the required formatting style as well as (d) to create and collaborate with multiple libraries/groups. This particular chapter is prepared to give you an overview of the specific features and a quick start guide to use a popular reference manager ‘The Zotero’. What i

   Najiya Sundus K. Meethal · Deepmala Mazumdar
6. Students Gallery 2 min read

   Question papers of Ophthalmology

   DNB Question Bank Topic Wise And Paper Wise KLE University Question Bank (2010 – 2018) Compiled by Dr. Sameeksha Agrawal & Dr. Ankit Agrawal DNB: Topic-wise Question Bank (DEC 2015 TO JUNE 2018) Compiled by Dr. Sameeksha Agrawal DNB Question Bank Special thanks to Dr. Gopal Rao Year Wise DNB Question Paper (1999-2007) Special thanks to Dr. Debmalya Das DNB Question Bank Topic-wise DNB Question Bank Special thanks to Dr. Gajendra Kumar Verma (New) Year-wise DNB Question Papers DNB Question Papers 2019 (December) DNB Question Papers 2019 (June) DNB Question Papers 2018 (December) DNB Question Papers 2017 (December) Special Thanks to Dr. ANkit Gupta DNB Question Papers 2015 June Special thanks to Dr. Prateek Kakkar DNB Question Papers 2014 Dec Special thanks to Dr. Gajendra Kumar Verma DNB Question Papers 2014 June Special thanks to Dr. Ashwini Mankar, Dr. Bhushan Uplanchiwar DNB Question Papers 2013 December Special thanks to Dr. Siddharth Sheth DNB Question Papers 2013 June Special than

   Team eOphtha
7. Students Gallery 4 min read

   Triads, Dots, Spots, Lines

   Spots Bitot's spot=White, foamy area of keratinizing squamous metaplasia of bulbar conjunctiva, seen in vitamin A deficiency. Brushfield spot=Whitish grey spot in peripheral iris, seen in Down's syndrome. Elschnig spot=Yellow patches overlying area of choroidal infarction in hypertension. Fischer-Khunt spot=Senile scleral plaque, area of hyalinised sclera anterior horizontal rectus muscle insertion. Seen in old age. Fuch's spot=Pigmented (RPE hyperplasia) macular lesions in pathological myopia. Roth spots=haemorrhageswith white centers, seen in SABE, severe anemia, collagen vascular disorders. Dots Gunn's dot=light reflection from the internal limiting membrane around disc and macula Horner-Trantras Dot=Collections of eosinophils at the limbus in vernal conjunctivitis. Kayes' dot=subepithelial infiltrates seen in corneal graft rejection Mittendorf's dot=whitish spot at the posterior lens surface, the remnant of the hyaloid artery. Lines Arlt's Line = conjunctival scar in sulcus subtars

   Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
8. Articles 13 min read

   Techniques of nuclear delivery in Manual small incision cataract surgery

   Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) is now practiced in both developed and developing countries. It involves the extraction of a complete or divided nucleus from the capsular bag through the capsular opening and then through the sclero-corneal tunnel. A number of techniques of nuclear delivery have evolved over the time. These techniques have their own merits and demerits. However they give similar results in the hands of experienced surgeons. The methods are broadly classified as follows: Anterior chamber maintainer technique Microvectis technique Phacofracture technique Phacosandwich technique Fish hook technique Ruit's technique We shall now discuss the difference in steps involved in the various techniques. 1. Anterior Chamber Maintainer technique ( Blumenthal`s technique): Fixing the AC Maintainer (Anterior Chamber Maintainer) After the tunnel has been dissected with a crescent knife, two side ports are made with 19 or 20 G MVR knife, one for capsulotomy and the other f

   KM Dr. Ruchi Goel · Dr. KPS Malik
9. PowerPoint 1 min read

   Presbyopia Recent Advances

   Presbyopia Recent Advances

   Dr. Vivek Molkere
10. PowerPoint 1 min read

    Radio-theraphy And Ocular Neoplasms

    Radio-theraphy And Ocular Neoplasms

    Dr. Fransisco Msonge

More articles