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#Squint

14 articles
  1. Articles 1 Apr 2021 9 min read

    Intermittent Exotropia Simplified for the Postgraduates

    Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is the most common type of strabismus in children as well as adults, especially in the Asian and South Asian populations. Owing to the intermittent nature of exotropia there is usually good binocular function and stereoacuity at near fixation Small-angle exotropia is observed in normal neonates which usually disappears by the age of 2-4 months. Most adults will have small exophoria usually less than 10 when fully dissociated. Epidemiology Like all forms of strabismus, exotropic deviations can be manifest or latent, and if the former, intermittent or constant. Intermittent exotropia is by far the most common form of manifest XT. Exodeviations occur about one-third less frequently than esodeviations in North America and Europe and occur more frequently in the Asian population. Intermittent exotropia is more common in females with a ratio of 2:1 (F: M). Intermittent exotropia usually noticed by parents in early childhood (2-5 years). Clinical features Intermit

    Dr. Amr Mohamed · Dr. Sowmya R, MS,FMRF, FAICO
  2. Articles 1 Apr 2021 18 min read

    Peek into the Past - Strabismus as a Subspecialty in India

    The most exciting thing is to revisit and know when and how it all started. As the saying goes, "You've got to always go back in time if you want to move forward," so what better way than to talk to pioneers in the field of strabismus to know the past to forge into a great future in strabismology. Dr. Sowmya R spoke to the pioneers in the field to know the history of strabismology and share their experiences. Dr. Pradeep Sharma MD, FAMS. is currently working as the Professor and Head of Section of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus, and Neuroophthalmology at Dr. RP Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi. He is also the Vice President of the Ophthalmic Research Association at RPC, AIIMS. After having finished his graduation ( 1979) and postgraduation (1982) at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, he did his Fellowship for Advanced training in strabismus in the USA at Jules Stein Eye Institute UCLA, Wills Eye Hospital Philadelphia and Richmond awarded by International Strabismological

    Dr. Sowmya R, MS,FMRF, FAICO
  3. Articles 1 Apr 2021 14 min read

    Evaluation of a case of Diplopia

    What is diplopia or double vision? Diplopia or double vision by definition is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced in any direction. Other terms could be blurred vision, shadowing, or confusion. Is it uniocular or binocular diplopia? The first step to evaluate diplopia is to differentiate between uniocular and binocular diplopias as the management varies completely. If the diplopia disappears on covering either eye the diplopia is binocular. If diplopia is persistent or worsens if one of the eyes is occluded then it’s uniocular diplopia of the other eye. Uniocular diplopia Any corneal surface problems like tear film abnormalities, uncorrected astigmatism, early stages of cataract, subluxated lens, or early macular issues can cause uniocular diplopia. A simple pinhole test can confirm the same. The management of this is to address the cause. Binocular diplopia Binocular diplopia is double vision typically arising as a result of strabismus or

    Dr. Kavitha Kalaivani · Dr. Hennaav Kaur Dhillon
  4. Articles 1 Apr 2021 8 min read

    Monocular elevation Deficit/ Double elevator palsy

    Definition: Double elevator palsy is classically defined as a congenital inability to elevate one eye, with the limitation more in abduction than adduction.1 MED is most often associated with ptosis/pseudoptosis. The word Double elevator palsy was coined by Dunlap to describe the weakness affecting both muscles of elevation i.e. superior rectus and inferior oblique. Pathogenesis/Theories: 2 Superior Rectus palsy: Superior rectus is the main elevator in abduction, adduction, or primary position. Thus, the defective elevation can be explained by the presence of superior rectus palsy alone. Inferior rectus restriction: Subsequently it was found that inferior rectus restriction can also cause such a limitation. The word double elevator palsy is a misnomer, Nearly 70% of cases, the cause for limitation was found to be IR restriction and not palsy. This was confirmed in several studies using saccadic velocity measurement and forced duction test. Supranuclear palsy: The nucleus for upgaze is

    Dr. Tarika Perikal · Dr. Sowmya R, MS,FMRF, FAICO

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