Topic

#Review

86 articles
  1. Articles 1 Apr 2021 19 min read

    Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Simplified

    Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is an opportunistic viral posterior uveitis that occurs mostly in severely immunocompromised Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients or, rarely, in those on immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation, or who are on systemic corticosteroids.1 More than 75% of AIDS patients with CD4+ counts less than 50 cells/?L have CMV retinitis. It is the most common ocular opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and accounts for 75-85% of all CMV end-organ disease.2 Before the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART), 30% of patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) developed CMV retinitis during their lifetime, but with the advent of HAART, there is a 75% reduction in the number of new cases of CMV retinitis.3 Rarely, CMV retinitis may occur in non-HIV patients having some degree of immune dysfunction, such as advanced age, diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid, and non-cytotoxic immunosuppressive drug usag

    Dr. Swapnil Parchand · Dr. Anil Gangwe
  2. Articles 1 Apr 2021 36 min read

    Viral Uveitis: Ready reckoner for the Postgraduates

    Viral ocular infections can cause sight-threatening diseases in humans either as an isolated ocular infection or as a part of systemic illness. Although many viruses may naturally be harbored in human beings, the common ones causing ocular infections include herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). They may remain dormant for several years with periodic asymptomatic virus shedding in immunocompetent individuals. However, in situations where the immunity is reduced due to age or, comorbidities, the symptomatic disease can occur. Ocular damage is caused by the direct cellular damage by the virus itself or the inflammatory response to the infection. Virus-specific T lymphocytes as well as humoral immunity with specific antibodies help to control the acute infection. Here we look at anterior and posterior viral uveitis in two separate sections and the common causative viruses. Viral Anterior Uveitis ( VAU) Introduction Anterior uveitis (AU) is th

    Dr. Vinita Rao · Dr. Gazal Patnaik
  3. Articles 1 Apr 2021 14 min read

    Valved Drainage Devices for Pediatric Glaucoma

    Introduction Pediatric glaucoma includes a wide variety of conditions that result in elevated intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage, ranging from primary congenital glaucoma since birth to developmental glaucoma associated with other diseases and acquired glaucoma secondary to multiple causes. Depending on the age of the patient, it presents with particular features and circumstances that need to be taken into account and frequently require surgical intervention. Glaucoma drainage implant surgery has a definitive role in managing infants and other children with glaucoma refractory to angle surgery and trabeculectomy. GDDs are even preferred nowadays as a primary procedure in selected cases where other surgeries are contraindicated or have very few chances to succeed. Furthermore, it has been found that 20% of pediatric glaucoma patients often require 2 or more surgical procedures for adequate IOP control, and GDDs are frequently used in the second or third surgical attempt.1 Glau

    Dr. Rinal Pandit · Dr. Abhay Raghukant Vasavada
  4. Articles 1 Apr 2021 23 min read

    Scleral Fixated Intraocular Lens Implantation- A Comprehensive Review

    Introduction Ideally a cataract surgery should result in the placement of an intraocular lens (IOL) within the capsular bag. However, this desirable outcome might be averted due to either preexisting zonular deficit or intraoperative posterior capsular tear, resulting in aphakia. This necessitates the need for an alternate means of IOL implantation. The surgeon can exercise the options of an anterior chamber IOL or iris fixated IOL or a scleral fixated IOL. Developments in IOL designs and modifications in implantation techniques have rendered them safe and efficacious. Recent studies have reported no significant differences in the postoperative visual recovery or complications rate between the 3 approaches.1 However, each option should be analyzed not only in accordance with surgeon’s experience but also with patient’s age, local, and systemic comorbidities.2 Scleral fixated IOL (SFIOL) involves sutured/sutureless fixation of the IOL to the sclera. SFIOL’s position closely approximates

    Dr. Dhanashree Ratra · Dr. Abhinav Dhami · +1 other
  5. Articles 1 Apr 2021 19 min read

    Peripheral Retinal Degenerations: A Ready Reckoner

    Introduction Peripheral retinal degenerations (PRD) are considered a risk factor for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) [1, 2]. The annual incidence of RRD varies between 6.3 and 18.2 cases per 100,000. RRD develops when liquefied vitreous humor accelerated by rotary eye movements passes through retinal tears or retinal holes into subretinal space and detaches neurosensory retina from the underlying pigment epithelium. PRDs when missed during retinal examination can lead to vision threatening complications.3 Classification [3] Retinal detachment Retinal drusen Lattice with holes Full-thickness tear Honeycomb degeneration Preretinal fibrosis Retinal tuft Unifocal hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium Hemorrhage Grouped congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (“bear tracks”) Pearl degeneration Retinoschisis Atrophic retinal hole Snail-track degeneration Dark-without-pressure Snowflake degeneration White-without-pressure Flap tear Operculated retinal tear Pav

    Dr. Kartikey Singh.MS · Dr. Mridhula Sekar · +2 others

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