Topic

#Conjunctiva

5 articles
  1. Articles 20 Jul 2021 12 min read

    Pterygium: A Review

    Introduction A pterygium is a fibrovascular, wing-shaped encroachment of the conjunctiva onto the cornea, usually in the horizontal meridian of the palpebral fissure. Histopathology shows hyaline degeneration with elastotic proliferation. Risk factors Exposure to ultraviolet light and environmental microtrauma to the ocular surface is thought to predispose to pterygium formation. A localized limbal stem cell dysfunction, possibly related to ultraviolet induced damage and a genetic predisposition has also been postulated. Pathogenesis Pterygium pathogenesis can be considered as occurring in two stages: the initial disruption of the limbal corneal-conjunctival epithelial barrier, and the progressive “conjunctivalization” of the cornea characterized by cellular proliferation, inflammation, connective tissue remodeling, and angiogenesis Morphology Head—the part which rests on the cornea Neck— constricted portion seen at the limbus Body – remaining bulk of mass Cap—a semilunar infiltrating

    Dr. Ramya Subramaniam, DNB · Dr. Srinivas K Rao, DO DNB FRCSEd
  2. Interesting Reads 2 Apr 2021 7 min read

    Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis - FIVE Important Points We Should Know

    Allergic conjunctivitis, which includes a spectrum of clinical entities is one of the most common conditions with which patients present to a general ophthalmologist. They include milder forms like seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis as well as severe forms like vernal and atopic which can be sight-threatening. In spite of common clinical and immunological features vernal keratoconjunctivitis differs from the rest in myriad ways. (1)This article brings forth five most pertinent points which will not only improve the understanding but also help identify and manage it. 1. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis can have three distinct forms Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a bilateral, chronic, usually seasonal, recurrent allergic inflammation of the conjunctiva. It mainly affects boys living in tropical countries in their first or second decade of life, mostly seasonal but in tropical countries, it can be perennial too. In the temperate regions, in many parts of Africa, Latin America

    Dr. Shweta Agarwal · Dr. Bhaskar Srinivasan · +1 other
  3. Anatomy of eye 2 Apr 2021 12 min read

    Anatomy of Conjunctiva

    Conjunctiva is a fine, translucent mucous membrane that joins and covers the anterior surface of eyeball and posterior side of the eyelids. It covers the posterior surface of the lids and reflects to cover the anterior part of the sclera, then becomes continuous with the corneal epithelium. At the lid margin conjunctiva is continuous with the skin. The name “conjunctiva” has originated from the term “conjoin” which means “to join” Parts of the conjunctiva: Broadly conjunctiva is divided into palpebral conjunctiva, fornices, and bulbar conjunctiva. Palpebral conjunctiva: It is the part of the conjunctiva that lines the undersurface or posterior surface of the eyelid. Latin word palpebrae mean “an eyelid” The palpebral conjunctiva is again subdivided into marginal conjunctiva, tarsal conjunctiva, and orbital conjunctiva. The marginal conjunctiva is a transitional zone between the skin of the eyelid and the conjunctiva proper. It starts from the intermarginal strips of the eyelid as a con

    Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
  4. Articles 1 Apr 2021 11 min read

    Ten Tenets One Should know on Conjunctival Hooding

    Ocular surface anatomy The ocular surface, in a strict sense, consists of the cornea and its major support tissue, the conjunctiva. In a wider anatomical, embryological, and also functional sense, the ocular mucosal adnexa (i.e. the lacrimal gland and the lacrimal drainage system) also belong to the ocular surface. The ocular surface occupies approximately 2.2 cm2 of the human body surface area [1]. The homeostasis of this small area is, however, extremely important for clear vision and comfort. The cornea is one of the most densely innervated structures in the body and hence, surface changes can result in significant discomfort apart from vision loss. The clarity and tectonic integrity of the cornea are maintained by a number of mechanisms, and one of the most important of these is the intactness of the surface epithelium. The limbus provides a constant source of epithelial cells to maintain the normal turnover of the corneal surface but can be impacted by multiple noxious influences

    Dr. Sanjeev P Srinivas · Dr. Amanda Mohanan · +1 other
  5. Articles 1 Apr 2021 28 min read

    Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

    A. Introduction There have been multiple refinements in the terminology of the epithelial squamous neoplasia until the introduction of the term “Ocular surface squamous neoplasia” (OSSN) by Lee and Hirst in 19951. OSSN is an umbrella term and refers to a spectrum ranging from mild/moderate/severe dysplasia to carcinoma in situ to invasive squamous cell carcinoma involving the conjunctiva and/or cornea2-4. OSSN is the most common tumor of the ocular surface. According to the epidemiological studies, the worldwide incidence of OSSN is 0.02 to 3.5 cases per 100,000 people. Incidence increases with decreasing latitude, being higher in countries located close to the equator. OSSN predominantly occurs in the elderly age group (6th to 7th decade) and in male gender 5-9. B. Etiology and pathogenesis10-27 The presumptive risk factors implicated in the etiology of OSSN include: Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation Heavy cigarette smoking Immunosuppressive conditions: Human Immunodeficienc

    Dr. Kavya M Bejjanki · Dr. Swathi Kaliki

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