Articles

201–210 of 232 articles Page 21 of 24
All Cornea 36 Cataract 17 Glaucoma 13 Retina & Vitreous 72 Neurophthalmology 8 Oculoplasty 15 Uvea & Inflammatory Diseases 24 Miscellaneous 20 Oncology 9 Pediatric Ophthalmology 15
  1. 1 Apr 2021 20 min read

    Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Simplified

    Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is an opportunistic viral posterior uveitis that occurs mostly in severely immunocompromised Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients or, rarely, in those on immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation, or who are on systemic corticosteroids.1 More than 75% of AIDS patients with CD4+ counts less than 50 cells/?L have CMV retinitis. It is the most common ocular opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and accounts for 75-85% of all CMV end-organ disease.2 Before the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART), 30% of patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) developed CMV retinitis during their lifetime, but with the advent of HAART, there is a 75% reduction in the number of new cases of CMV retinitis.3 Rarely, CMV retinitis may occur in non-HIV patients having some degree of immune dysfunction, such as advanced age, diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid, and non-cytotoxic immunosuppressive drug usag

    Dr. Swapnil Parchand · Dr. Anil Gangwe
  2. 1 Apr 2021 37 min read

    Viral Uveitis: Ready reckoner for the Postgraduates

    Viral ocular infections can cause sight-threatening diseases in humans either as an isolated ocular infection or as a part of systemic illness. Although many viruses may naturally be harbored in human beings, the common ones causing ocular infections include herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). They may remain dormant for several years with periodic asymptomatic virus shedding in immunocompetent individuals. However, in situations where the immunity is reduced due to age or, comorbidities, the symptomatic disease can occur. Ocular damage is caused by the direct cellular damage by the virus itself or the inflammatory response to the infection. Virus-specific T lymphocytes as well as humoral immunity with specific antibodies help to control the acute infection. Here we look at anterior and posterior viral uveitis in two separate sections and the common causative viruses. Viral Anterior Uveitis ( VAU) Introduction Anterior uveitis (AU) is th

    Dr. Vinita Rao · Dr. Gazal Patnaik
  3. 1 Apr 2021 13 min read

    Dos and Donts In Managing Cluster Endophthalmitis

    “Everything in life has some risk, and what you have to actually learn to do is how to navigate it.” -Reid Hoffman The above quote holds true for any surgical procedure whether minor or major. The biggest fear of any surgical intervention is that of infection postoperatively. Infection can occur in the best of hands and also in the most modern operating rooms. Cataract surgery is one of the most common intraocular surgeries performed in India and around 90% of postoperative endophthalmitis occurs after cataract surgery. 1 Acute endophthalmitis is severe intraocular inflammation presumed to be due to the entry of microbes into the eye during the perioperative period. It is identified usually in the initial weeks after surgery and could present as a red painful eye with severe anterior uveitis, often with fibrin and hypopyon, and vitritis. It is one of the most serious postoperative complications of intraocular procedures and, despite treatment, often results in a very poor visual outcom

    Dr. Dhaivat Shah · Dr. Meghna Jain
  4. 1 Apr 2021 8 min read

    Learn from the Masters : Viral Keratitis Decoded

    Viral Infections are more commonly encountered in individual practice than what presents in tertiary or referral eye care. Its presentation is myriad & baffling often a misdiagnosis as bacterial or fungal causing more harm. Also, with more choices on the availability of antivirals, individual practice varies. Here we discuss key presenting clinical features & know from the leading cornea experts their preferred treatment practices. Dr. Manisha Acharya is a practicing ophthalmologist hailing from Delhi. She received her MS degree (2003) from Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh following which she completed her fellowship at Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital. She has also been trained at– Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, and LVPEI, Hyderabad. She is currently working as Senior Consultant, Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery with Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi. Apart from being a proficient corneal surgeon, Dr. Acharya is the Medical Director of the

    Dr. Jaya Gupta
  5. 1 Apr 2021 14 min read

    Various Classifications and Grading Systems in Oculoplasty

    Introduction: Grading & Classification of diseases is an ever-evolving concept. This article is a collection of various clinical grading and Classification systems in the practice of various Oculoplasty and Orbital diseases. These grading systems are useful for Trainee doctors, PG students, PG residents, and optometrists which will help them in preparations of various examinations and the initial phase of their clinical practice for systematic management of various oculoplasty cases. Commonly used classifications in oculoplasty are: Classification of Entropion Classification Ectropion Classification Ptosis Classification of Contracted Socket Classification of Eyelid Tumor Classification of Facial Nerve Palsy Classification of TRO Classification of Orbital Cellulitis Entropion : Entropion is a common eyelid malposition in which the margin turns inward against the globe. Two other conditions that are close to it is trichiasis and distichiasis which must be well differentiated from trichi

    Dr. Joyeeta Das
  6. 1 Apr 2021 16 min read

    Valved Drainage Devices for Pediatric Glaucoma

    Introduction Pediatric glaucoma includes a wide variety of conditions that result in elevated intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage, ranging from primary congenital glaucoma since birth to developmental glaucoma associated with other diseases and acquired glaucoma secondary to multiple causes. Depending on the age of the patient, it presents with particular features and circumstances that need to be taken into account and frequently require surgical intervention. Glaucoma drainage implant surgery has a definitive role in managing infants and other children with glaucoma refractory to angle surgery and trabeculectomy. GDDs are even preferred nowadays as a primary procedure in selected cases where other surgeries are contraindicated or have very few chances to succeed. Furthermore, it has been found that 20% of pediatric glaucoma patients often require 2 or more surgical procedures for adequate IOP control, and GDDs are frequently used in the second or third surgical attempt.1 Glau

    Dr. Rinal Pandit · Dr. Abhay Raghukant Vasavada
  7. 1 Apr 2021 19 min read

    Understanding Optic Disc Pallor- Shades of White

    Introduction The optic nerve consists of approximately 1.2 million axons that arise from the retinal ganglion cells and acquire myelin sheath proximal to lamina cribrosa. These axons do not have the capacity to regenerate. The normal optic disc is pink in color due to the fact that light entering the optic disc is conducted along the transparent nerve fibers and they diffuse among columns of glial tissue and capillaries. When axons are damaged in optic atrophy, light is reflected from opaque glial cells and does not pass through the capillaries. In addition, the reduced capillary vascularity and loss of tissue causes visibility of opaque scleral lamina cause the disc to appear pale. Optic atrophy is the sequelae of progressive optic nerve disease that causes irreversible damage of ganglion cells and the retinogeniculate pathway. This degeneration along with gross reduction in capillaries results in loss of optic pathway conduction and pallor. Exploring the etiology of optic atrophy may

    Dr. Ambika Selvakumar
  8. 1 Apr 2021 18 min read

    Peek into the Past - Strabismus as a Subspecialty in India

    The most exciting thing is to revisit and know when and how it all started. As the saying goes, "You've got to always go back in time if you want to move forward," so what better way than to talk to pioneers in the field of strabismus to know the past to forge into a great future in strabismology. Dr. Sowmya R spoke to the pioneers in the field to know the history of strabismology and share their experiences. Dr. Pradeep Sharma MD, FAMS. is currently working as the Professor and Head of Section of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus, and Neuroophthalmology at Dr. RP Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi. He is also the Vice President of the Ophthalmic Research Association at RPC, AIIMS. After having finished his graduation ( 1979) and postgraduation (1982) at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, he did his Fellowship for Advanced training in strabismus in the USA at Jules Stein Eye Institute UCLA, Wills Eye Hospital Philadelphia and Richmond awarded by International Strabismological

    Dr. Sowmya R, MS,FMRF, FAICO
  9. 1 Apr 2021 24 min read

    Scleral Fixated Intraocular Lens Implantation- A Comprehensive Review

    Introduction Ideally a cataract surgery should result in the placement of an intraocular lens (IOL) within the capsular bag. However, this desirable outcome might be averted due to either preexisting zonular deficit or intraoperative posterior capsular tear, resulting in aphakia. This necessitates the need for an alternate means of IOL implantation. The surgeon can exercise the options of an anterior chamber IOL or iris fixated IOL or a scleral fixated IOL. Developments in IOL designs and modifications in implantation techniques have rendered them safe and efficacious. Recent studies have reported no significant differences in the postoperative visual recovery or complications rate between the 3 approaches.1 However, each option should be analyzed not only in accordance with surgeon’s experience but also with patient’s age, local, and systemic comorbidities.2 Scleral fixated IOL (SFIOL) involves sutured/sutureless fixation of the IOL to the sclera. SFIOL’s position closely approximates

    Dr. Dhanashree Ratra · Dr. Abhinav Dhami · +1 other
  10. 1 Apr 2021 22 min read

    Peripheral Retinal Degenerations: A Ready Reckoner

    Introduction Peripheral retinal degenerations (PRD) are considered a risk factor for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) [1, 2]. The annual incidence of RRD varies between 6.3 and 18.2 cases per 100,000. RRD develops when liquefied vitreous humor accelerated by rotary eye movements passes through retinal tears or retinal holes into subretinal space and detaches neurosensory retina from the underlying pigment epithelium. PRDs when missed during retinal examination can lead to vision threatening complications.3 Classification [3] Retinal detachment Retinal drusen Lattice with holes Full-thickness tear Honeycomb degeneration Preretinal fibrosis Retinal tuft Unifocal hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium Hemorrhage Grouped congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (“bear tracks”) Pearl degeneration Retinoschisis Atrophic retinal hole Snail-track degeneration Dark-without-pressure Snowflake degeneration White-without-pressure Flap tear Operculated retinal tear Pav

    Dr. Kartikey Singh.MS, MS (Ophthal), FICO, FVRS · Dr. Mridhula Sekar, MS(Ophthal) FVRS (MM Joshi Eye Institute) FAICO (Retina & Vitreous) · +1 other