Articles

181–190 of 232 articles Page 19 of 24
All Cornea 36 Cataract 17 Glaucoma 13 Retina & Vitreous 72 Neurophthalmology 8 Oculoplasty 15 Uvea & Inflammatory Diseases 24 Miscellaneous 20 Oncology 9 Pediatric Ophthalmology 15
  1. 1 Apr 2021 18 min read

    Learn from the Masters : Tips and Tricks of Vitreoretinal Surgery

    “If you are brave enough to start the right way, you will be strong enough to finish at the right place.” The most crucial aspect of vitreoretinal surgery is learning it the right way. And if you have the guidance of teachers with experiences of a lifetime, there is an abundant pool of knowledge you can extract. Plenty of young VR surgeons are facing difficulties in the basic principles and doctrines of surgery. Some of these basic questions were compiled together and addressed to the top-notch VR surgeons of India, owing to a simple and lucid explanation for the same. Dr. Atul Kumar, MD, FAMS, FRCS(Ed) is the Chief & Professor of Ophthalmology at Dr. R.P. Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi since 1st January 2016. He completed MD & Sr. Residency from Dr. R.P. Centre, AIIMS New Delhi India & joined as Assistant Professor in the same institute in 1987 (Discipline: -Vitreous-Retina). He pursued Retina Fellowship from the University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA, 1990. He has 313 indexed & non-indexed

    Dr. Dhaivat Shah
  2. 1 Apr 2021 4 min read

    Ten Pearls for Managing a Case of Tubercular Uveitis

    Pattern recognition is critical in the diagnosis and treatment of any form of uveitis. Here are 10 pearls that will make it easier to recognize patterns of presentation and resolution in tubercular uveitis. The general approach to diagnosis: We are all aware of the role of identifying clinical signs of TB in the eye and that of ancillary tests for systemic TB (immunological and radiological). However, we tend to ignore the last part – the exclusion of non-TB entities. These include various infectious and non-infectious conditions that can match a given clinical sign of ocular TB. Tubercular retinal vasculitis – 1: TB retinal vasculitis typically causes a periphlebitis, though rarely arterioles can also be affected. The most common clue for a tubercular etiology is the presence of active or healed retinitis lesions underlying the blood vessels (subvascular lesions). These are intraretinal granuloma and are highly predictive of tubercular etiology in TB-endemic countries (Kaza et al., 20

    Dr. Soumyava Basu
  3. 1 Apr 2021 26 min read

    Corneal Dystrophy: A Ready Reckoner for Postgraduates

    Corneal dystrophies are classically defined as a group of inherited disorders of the cornea which is bilateral, symmetric, slowly progressive, and not related to any environmental or systemic factors.1,2 Most of the corneal dystrophies begin in the early decades of life and progress gradually. The effect of these changes in some of the dystrophies may not be clinically apparent till the later years. The underlying basis of all corneal dystrophies are genetic mutations some of which have been mapped, while others are yet to be identified.1-3 Most of these mutations result in the transcription of aberrant proteins. These proteins are deposited in various corneal layers and give rise to the characteristic clinical features. The pace of deposition also determines the natural history of the corneal dystrophy. Corneal dystrophies were first reported by Groenouw in his article published in 1890.1 He described one patient with granular corneal dystrophy and another patient with macular corneal

    Dr. Samrat Chatterjee
  4. 1 Apr 2021 23 min read

    Therapeutic Keratoplasty : A Comprehensive Review

    Microbial keratitis is a common vision-threatening disease that occurs in all parts of the world and is an important cause of avoidable corneal blindness. Medical therapy is considered a mainstay in the management of microbial keratitis, however, cases that worsen despite medical therapy or have perforation require surgical management1. Therapeutic keratoplasty is a surgical procedure whose primary purpose is to get rid of the infectious or non-infectious inflammatory tissue along with the restoration of the structural integrity of the eye (tectonic support)2. The surgical procedure, postoperative course, and chances of graft survival in therapeutic keratoplasty are different from optical keratoplasty as surgery is performed on an inflamed eye. Therapeutic keratoplasty could be Therapeutic Penetrating Keratoplasty(ThPK) Therapeutic lamellar keratoplasty- Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty(Th-DALK) Patch graft In therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty, a full-thickness button of the dise

    Dr. Nikhil S. Gokhale · Dr. Bhupesh P Jain
  5. 1 Apr 2021 19 min read

    A Postgraduate's Guide To Tonometry

    Tonometry is the procedure for the measurement of intraocular pressure. It is the most important risk factor for the development and progression of glaucoma. It is the only factor that can be treated and modified in the management of glaucoma. Therefore, the need for accurate and reproducible measurement of IOP is of utmost importance. Clinical measurement of IOP has undergone several technical advances from the initial digital tension measurements, through indentation tonometry, to applanation tonometry and non-contact tonometry. The current gold standard for the measurement of IOP is the Goldmann applanation tonometer. Tonometer in which the IOP is negligibly raised during measurements, for example less than 5%, are termed low-displacement tonometer. Tonometer that displace a large volume of fluid and consequently raise IOP significantly are termed high-displacement tonometer. Classification and Types of Tonometers are shown in Flowcharts 1 & 2. Classification of Tonometer 1 Classifi

    Dr. Vidya Chelerkar · Dr. Mrunall Borrse
  6. 1 Apr 2021 2 min read

    Ten Tips to Achieve a Complete Curvilinear Capsulorhexis

    1. See clearly: Focus the microscope in such a way that the anterior capsule is exactly in focus. Low magnification would help in increasing depth perception, even though things don’t appear grossly magnified. Even if the patient moves the eye a little, things don’t go out of focus. 2. Stain if needed: If the red glow is not very clearly seen, and the cut end of the anterior capsular flap may not be easily visible, its best to stain the capsule by trypan blue. This should be done before starting the capsulorhexis. 3. The pressure above should be more than the pressure below. The capsulorhexis flap shall not extend to the periphery if the pressure above it is more than the pressure below it. If superior rectus muscle suture has been taken, loosen it. Loosen a tight speculum. Both increase the pressure on the globe, pushing the vitreous up and putting strain on the posterior capsule. 4. Do CCC slowly: The time spent on it is completely worth it. The success of surgery, especially in phac

    Dr. Parikshit Gogate
  7. 1 Apr 2021 6 min read

    Ten Tips for Youngsters to Increase Proficiency in Phacoemulsification

    Phacoemulsification, like any other surgery, comes with its learning curve. Here are some pearls, from my experience, to help you ‘shorten’ and ‘Flatten the curve’. 1. Believe in yourself: The first step to successfully doing anything in life is to believe in yourself. Believe you can and you are half way there. 2. Observe, Observe, Observe & Learn I am a firm believer of this quote by Marilyn vos Savant, “To acquire knowledge, one must study; but to acquire wisdom, one must observe.” Each skill in life can be improved by observing others. It is the same case for surgeries too. The more you observe a particular type of surgery, the better you get at it. Observe your seniors. Observe their hand movements, observe how they complete a straight-forward case and observe how they tackle complications. Try and observe as many people surgeons as you can, as each and every phacoemulsification procedure teaches you something new. Residents in today’s era are blessed with easy availability of the

    Prof. (Dr.) Mahipal S. Sachdev
  8. 1 Apr 2021 6 min read

    Ten Tenets of Fundus Autofluorescence

    1. What is fundus autofluorescence? Fundus autofluorescence is a study of the topographic distribution of naturally occurring molecules in the human fundus. These molecules are called fluorophores. In principle, FAF is similar to fundus fluorescein angiography as both of them study the fluorescence pattern of molecules. However, the fluorophore molecules are naturally occurring compounds in the former while in later sodium fluorescein dye is injected. Hence FAF is a non-invasive imaging modality. 2. What are fluorophores? Fluorophores are molecules that emit fluorescence when excited by a suitable wavelength of light. Fluorophores are not exclusively present in the fundus and are distributed in various ocular tissue which includes the cornea, lens, uvea melanocyte, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and sclera.1,2 The knowledge about fluorophores other than fundus is still evolving. The commonly studied fundus fluorophores lipofuscin and melanin. 3. Lipofuscin and melanin Lipofuscin is

    Dr. Kumar Saurabh · Dr. Suraj Mistry
  9. 1 Apr 2021 13 min read

    Glaucoma in Pseudophakia And Aphakia

    Glaucoma in pseudophakia and aphakia is secondary glaucoma in which intraocular pressure (IOP) is elevated following cataract removal. This diagnosis is given only if there was no glaucoma prior to cataract removal.[1] The terms aphakic and pseudophakic glaucoma have been previously used in literature. Currently, this terminology is not preferred. Glaucoma in pseudophakia and aphakia refer to conditions that cause increased intraocular pressure (IOP) soon after surgery as well as to those conditions that occur much later.[2] Epidemiology : Depending on the studies, the estimate for the incidence of glaucoma post-cataract surgery varies widely. In patients with aphakia, chronic glaucoma post-cataract surgery was found to be less prevalent at 3% than a transient increase in pressure with varying percentages of pressure rise post-cataract surgery [3]. Other sources report the incidence of 5-41%[4]. In patients with pseudophakia, the incidence of IOP rise went down with an advent of the ex

    Dr. Aishwarya R. Mulay
  10. 1 Apr 2021 17 min read

    Computer Vision Syndrome

    To most of us, computers have become an irreplaceable necessity in our lives at work and at home. Working on the computer screen at such a short distance can result in eyestrain, blurred vision, redness, irritation of eyes, and posture-related musculoskeletal problems, which is called Computer vision syndrome or digital eye strain. Definition The American Association of Optometrists defines Computer Vision Syndrome is a complex of eye & vision problems related to the activities that stress the near vision and which are experienced in relation to or during the use of computers1 They include eyestrain, headache, blurry near vision, slowness in changing focus, light sensitivity, eye irritation. Improper ergonomic practices can lead to pain in the neck, shoulder, and back, carpal tunnel syndrome, etc. In the current digital world, there has been a rapid shift from paper to computers, mobiles, e-readers & other Visual Display Terminals (VDTs). Our eyes have not got fully adapted to working

    Dr. Shilpa Joshi