Articles

21–30 of 232 articles Page 3 of 24
All Cornea 36 Cataract 17 Glaucoma 13 Retina & Vitreous 72 Neurophthalmology 8 Oculoplasty 15 Uvea & Inflammatory Diseases 24 Miscellaneous 20 Oncology 9 Pediatric Ophthalmology 15
  1. 16 Dec 2022 7 min read

    Ten mistakes to avoid while testing for RAPD

    Introduction: A relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) is an important sign that detects a lesion in the afferent pathway of light reflex. It is seen in unilateral or asymmetric bilateral lesions of the retina and optic nerve upto but not involving the chiasm. It has been noted though, even in lesions of optic tract and pretectal afferent fibres of dorsal mid brain. Although the test requires both eyes, it is essential to note that it requires only one working pupil. Swinging flashlight test of Levitan: Before performing the test, one must examine the pupil for shape, size of the pupils, anisocoria if any and reaction to light. It is important to note all these since anisocoria and small sized pupils may make it difficult to detect relative afferent pupillary defect. After completing this basic examination, one must proceed to perform the swinging flash light test, keeping in mind the following ten avoidable mistakes: 1. The ideal light: The test must be performed with a halogen tra

    Dr. Nikita Pathare
  2. 31 Oct 2022 10 min read

    Practical Tips for Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening

    Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a proliferative disease of the retina which affects developing retinal vessels of prematurely born infants. The screening process should be carried out within 1 month of delivery of the infant. Delaying this or missing out on screening could result in the progression of abnormal neovascularization, which can lead to the development of tractional retinal detachment in the absence of treatment and this could result in irreversible blindness. There are various aspects one needs to take care of while carrying out ROP screening. Here are a few practical tips for carrying out an effective screening and follow-up in premature infants for ROP. This might be useful for paediatricians / hospital staff as well, to understand the importance of screening and ways to aid in carrying out a successful screening procedure. 1. Infant to be screened: Whom to screen? Different countries have different screening guidelines. Ours is a developing nation with even bigger in

    Dr. Deepanshu Agrawal
  3. 24 Oct 2022 7 min read

    Accreditation of Eye Care Centres: The 10-Step Simplified Guide

    Introduction The quality of health care and the initiatives taken to address various risk and safety issues in hospitals has become a subject of debate. Many countries and organizations are exploring various means to improve the quality of healthcare services. “Accreditation is a status that is conferred on an organization that has been assessed as having met particular standards”. The two conditions for accreditation are an explicit definition of quality (i.e., standards) and an independent review process aimed at identifying the level of congruence between practices and quality standards. This article simplifies the process of accreditation into concise and simplified ten steps. Step 1: Deciding to Get Accredited Accreditation is not a goal but a journey. Accreditation is a continuous process rather than a final destination. Step 2: Assessing the Current Situation and Doing Background Research What stage is your organization at with regard to implementing quality standards? Consideri

    Dr. Nirmal Fredrick T · Dr. Sunitha Nirmal · +1 other
  4. 13 Oct 2022 22 min read

    Endogenous Endophthalmitis: A Review

    Introduction Endophthalmitis is defined as an inflammation of the inner layers of the eye with exudation in the vitreous cavity resulting from intraocular colonization by microorganisms. It can be exogenous or endogenous. It is an ocular emergency with poor visual prognosis and multifactorial etiology. Endogenous endophthalmitis is much less common than exogenous endophthalmitis and is estimated to account for 2% to 8% of all endophthalmitis cases.1,2 It occurs when bacteria or fungi are hematogenously disseminated into the ocular circulation. The visual prognosis is often poor. The risk of septicaemia with a mortality rate of 5-15%.2 is reported, and therefore a prompt diagnosis of the underlying cause of endogenous endophthalmitis along with the control of eye infection is of utmost importance. Risk factors Endogenous endophthalmitis has multiple factors playing a role in its occurrence. (Table 1) The following are the risk factors for endogenous endophthalmitis- long-term indwelling

    Dr. Manisha Agarwal · Dr. Isha Agarwal
  5. 19 Sep 2022 12 min read

    Top Tips for Toric IOLs for Young Ophthalmologists: Should You Make the Plunge?

    The use of TORIC IOL in the modern cataract surgical world has rightfully become a necessary tool for all surgeons. This is because of the demand for customization and the need for great refractive outcomes, rendering all cataract surgeries as “REFRACTIVE CATARACT SURGERIES” today! Patients no longer are happy being dependent on glasses or want to miss the chance of being less dependent on glasses after their cataract surgery! This article quotes a few of the top pointers that may benefit all cataract surgeons, even more, the young ophthalmologists evolve into refractive cataract surgeons with the use of TORIC IOLs. A very necessary next step in the era of constant changes and customizations that have been the last 5-10 years in cataract surgery! So, let's dive in: 1. Start Early, Start Strong (Small) The first pointer is that the “mind games” of expectations with TORIC IOLs is a cloud that you don’t want to set in. So, it is important to start Toric IOL cataract surgeries much EARLY i

    Dr. Aditya Sethi
  6. 26 Jul 2022 8 min read

    HLA-B27 associated Acute Anterior Uveitis

    Introduction Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) results from a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier and acute inflammation of the iris and ciliary body. It is the most common form of uveitis encountered the world over. Keratic precipitates (KPs) are characteristic of AAU and represent inflammatory cells that deposit on the corneal endothelium due to the upregulation of adhesion molecules in response to local chemoattractant cytokines. The association between HLA (human leukocyte antigen)-B27, a human major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and its gamut of inflammatory diseases and HLA-B27 associated AAU was first described in 1973 and to date, it remains one of the strongest HLA-disease associations known. Epidemiology Though most epidemiological studies are based in tertiary referral centers and have a referral bias towards posterior and intermediate uveitis, anterior uveitis is the most common form of uveitis encountered in most parts of the world. HLA-B27 AAU comprises cases of acute a

    Dr. Abhilasha Baharani
  7. 18 Jul 2022 14 min read

    Optic Disc Evaluation in Glaucoma

    Glaucoma, by definition, is chronic, progressive optic neuropathy.[1-3] Structural damage to the optic nerve head (ONH) is a characteristic feature of glaucoma and precedes visual field loss in most cases. Para-papillary changes may also be observed in eyes with glaucoma. The mere presence of raised intraocular pressure is not glaucoma. Hence, the optic disc evaluation is the first and most important step in diagnosing glaucoma. [4, 5] Subjectivity and overlap in appearance of the normal and glaucomatous optic disc make ONH evaluation challenging. Subtle changes may also be missed easily. Adequate training and experience are required to determine minor abnormalities in the ONH accurately. [6] Examination of the optic disc Direct ophthalmoscopy, Slit lamp biomicroscopy with a handheld +66, +78 or +90 dioptre aspheric convex lens or Hruby lens, or a contact lens (Goldmann lens) or Indirect ophthalmoscopy may be done to examine the ONH. The pupil should be dilated prior to the examination

    Dr. Chandrima Paul · Dr. Divya J
  8. 5 Jul 2022 11 min read

    Ten Pearls to Improve Your Surgical Skills in Oculoplasty

    Oculoplastic surgery, despite being a niche surgical branch, encompasses a variety of procedures involving the nasolacrimal apparatus, orbit and eyelids. Having evolved into a speciality only in the last 6-7 decades, it also includes fields such as trauma, oncology and oculofacial aesthetics, which make it fascinating as well as challenging1. Just as in most ophthalmic sub-specialities, Oculoplastics has a steep learning curve for most of the surgical interventions and each case is vastly different from the next. Here are our Ten Pearls that should help the beginner Oculoplastics consultant, fellow or fellowship aspirant to hone their skills in a more systematic manner: 1. Documentation and history taking: One of the most essential skills in an oculoplastic practice is uniform and accurate pre- and post-operative documentation. It is important from a legal as well as an academic standpoint, to take patient photographs as well as measurements of the specimen that have been obtained intr

    Dr. Ashok Grover · Dr. Rwituja Thomas
  9. 13 Jun 2022 7 min read

    Ten Pearls for Managing A case of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

    Diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in many developing economies, such as China and India. Type 2 DM contributes to 90% of the cases. An astonishing 53 % of these cases remain undiagnosed(1). Health-seeking behaviour in India is amongst the poorest with 90% of patients being not aware of the need for regular fundus examination(2). The onus of imparting knowledge on such patients lies with the primary health care provider at the time of diagnosis. It is also the prime duty of the patient to gain knowledge about the disease. Catch them early Advice on the need for regular fundus examination should be given during the time of diagnosis. For type 2 diabetes, screening guidelines are fundus examination at the time of diagnosis and thereafter yearly, mild NPDR - yearly, moderate NPDR - 6 monthly, severe NPDR - 3 monthly follow up are mandatory. High resolution fundus images can be used for follow-up and patient education. Deep learning, a state-of-the-art machine learning technique is

    Dr. Indu Govindaraj · Dr. Anand Rajendran
  10. 30 May 2022 25 min read

    Ocular Toxoplasmosis

    Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of posterior uveitis in the world, accounting for over 80% of the cases in some regions[1-5]. For many years, ocular toxoplasmosis was considered to be the result of the recurrence of the congenital form of the disease [6]. However, it is recently believed that acquired infections might be a more important cause of ocular diseases than congenital ones[7-9]. Acquired infections occur secondary to ingestion of uncooked and infected meat, contaminated vegetables, or water. Epidemiology: The Toxoplasma Gondii infection is one of the most common zoonoses in the world. A large percentage of the population has chronic asymptomatic disease[10]. The prevalence varies extensively in different regions, depending on socioeconomic, geographic, and climatic factors. A high prevalence is found in tropical areas close to sea level, and a lower prevalence is found in arid regions, cold climates, and at high altitudes. In addition, the habit of eating

    Dr. Deepika MP · Dr. Nidhi Dubey · +1 other