1. Articles 22 min read

   Ocular Toxoplasmosis

   Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of posterior uveitis in the world, accounting for over 80% of the cases in some regions[1-5]. For many years, ocular toxoplasmosis was considered to be the result of the recurrence of the congenital form of the disease [6]. However, it is recently believed that acquired infections might be a more important cause of ocular diseases than congenital ones[7-9]. Acquired infections occur secondary to ingestion of uncooked and infected meat, contaminated vegetables, or water. Epidemiology: The Toxoplasma Gondii infection is one of the most common zoonoses in the world. A large percentage of the population has chronic asymptomatic disease[10]. The prevalence varies extensively in different regions, depending on socioeconomic, geographic, and climatic factors. A high prevalence is found in tropical areas close to sea level, and a lower prevalence is found in arid regions, cold climates, and at high altitudes. In addition, the habit of eating

   Dr. Deepika MP · Dr. Nidhi Dubey · +1 other
2. PowerPoint 1 min read

   ASOCT In Cornea

   ASOCT In Cornea

   Dr. Sheena Sonkhiya
3. Articles 7 min read

   Ten Facts Every Ophthalmologist Should Know About Lubricating Eye Drops

   Introduction Artificial tear substitutes lubricate and protect the ocular surface and provide relief from ocular dryness, irritation, and burning sensation. They play a major role in providing symptomatic relief and are widely used for all types of dry eye diseases and nonspecific causes of ocular fatigue as well. Choosing the right kind of lubricating drops is of utmost importance. A number of reasons including lifestyle changes, increased computer and digital screen usage, and awareness of dry eye have resulted in an increase in the utilization of these eye drops. It is important to understand a few simple features of these drops to optimize their beneficial effects.[1] Commercially available lubricating eye drops have varying composition, viscosity, duration of action, preservatives, osmolarity, and pH. This article discusses the composition of tear substitutes and the mechanism of action on the ocular surface. 1. Role of lubricating eye drops on the ocular surface The main purpose

   F Dr. Sharon DSouza · FCE
4. Articles 7 min read

   Corneal Ulcer Simplified for the Postgraduates: Ten Points

   An ulcer is a breach in the continuity of corneal epithelial. However, a corneal ulcer is an epithelial breach with superficial tissue loss (subepithelial or stroma) having variable grades of inflammation. The causes can be infectious (bacterial, fungal, viral, Pythium) and autoimmune (marginal keratitis, peripheral ulcerative keratitis). Here, we discuss ten essential clinical key points for diagnosing a corneal ulcer. 1. History A detailed and meticulous history is essential in each case. The patients commonly present with pain, redness, photophobia, and defective vision. The history of trauma (vegetative matter, stick, mud, clay, insect bite, etc.), onset, presentation, and progression should be noted. Sudden onset and rapid progression are associated with Pseudomonas, Pneumococcus, and Staphylococcus ulcers. Gradual onset and slow progression are seen in Acanthamoeba, Nocardia, and Mycobacterium. A detailed history of ocular (Contact lens, adnexal infections, ocular surface disease

   F Dr. Bharat Gurnani · FCRS · +1 other
5. Articles 5 min read

   Polymerase Chain Reaction in Ocular Infections

   Newer technological progressions in molecular science have paved the way for a better understanding of infectious diseases. DNA-based molecular diagnostic techniques which are specific, sensitive, and rapid in the identification of the pathogen in the clinical specimen has been developed extensively over the past decades The rapid identi?cation of speci?c infectious agents is very important for the diagnosis of an ocular infection because the course of treatment and disease prognosis could be different from non-infectious diseases. Despite the availability of a wide variety of antimicrobial agents to treat these infections, specific treatment is delayed due to the inability to identify ocular pathogens quickly and accurately. PCR has emerged as an essential powerful rapid laboratory diagnostic technique complement the conventional gold standard “culture “, with special reference to difficult to grow or slow-growing microbial agents like viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, anaerobic ba

   Dr. Janani Madhuravasal Krishnan
6. Articles 11 min read

   i-File: Pigmentary Glaucoma

   A 30-year-old male presented to the glaucoma clinic with complaints of gradually progressive diminution of vision in both eyes, left eye more than right, since 5 years. The visual disturbance was not associated with redness, pain, photophobia, or colored haloes. Past Ocular History: He was diagnosed with glaucoma elsewhere 5 years ago and started on anti-glaucoma medications(AGM). His baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) according to the old records was 52 mmHg In both eyes. At the time of his visit to the hospital, he was using 3 AGMs which he had stopped using for the past 7 days. No history of trauma or laser in the past Past Medical history: No history of any systemic illness Family history: No family history of glaucoma Systemic Examination: All vitals and systemic examination was within normal limits Ocular Examination Best Corrected Visual Acuity (Snellens) Right Eye (OD) 6/9 Left Eye (OS) 3/60 Ocular Motility/Alignment Full, free and painless in all gazes Intraocular pressure (I

   Dr. K. Sugepriya · Dr. Rathini David
7. PowerPoint 1 min read

   THE PATIENT WITH NYSTAGMUS OR SPONTANEOUS EYE MOVEMENT DISORDERS

   THE PATIENT WITH NYSTAGMUS OR SPONTANEOUS EYE MOVEMENT DISORDERS

   Dr. Iddi Ndyabawe
8. Interesting Reads 10 min read

   Top 10 Tips for Young Researchers

   1. Ask a question: One of the many things that I learnt from my mentor Prof Amod Gupta is to learn the art of asking a question. Though our society is changing with times and encouraging the students to ask questions, I still see hesitation amongst our residents to ask a question about any subject being discussed or question the way of management; even though they may not agree. As a result, many of the research ideas that could have been generated by an honest question, remain unanswered. Each research proposal starts with a question and if every young student is inquisitive to ask questions; try to find answer if they exist and finally try to solve issues that do not have any answers yet, we will be able to solve many mysteries that will help in better management of our patient. It may sometimes take a lifetime to answer a very simple question but believe me that’s totally worth it. I remember when I was a junior resident and there was this beautiful study by Dr. Biswas published in

   Prof. Vishali Gupta
9. Interesting Reads 7 min read

   Ten Lessons I Learnt from My Patients

   Greet your patients by their name: As the patient enters your chamber, always greet the patient by his first or last name. It has a magical effect on gaining their trust. The patients remember their doctors but the doctor remembering the patient is a very big deal. This is especially true for those practicing in busy referral institutes in metropolitan cities. Whenever I addressed them by their name, I saw them getting visibly relaxed. Even If they had been waiting long hours for their turn, frowns on their face simply melted away as I called them by their name. Mind how you address your patients: Old people are extremely sensitive to how they are addressed. They may not like to be addressed “Mother”, “uncle” or “aunty”. I learnt it the hard way when I addressed a middle-aged lady Mata Ji (mother) and she brusquely told me that she was younger than me. Learn communication skills: You may greet the patients as they come in, but always ask the patient and the accompanying person to sit b

   Prof. Amod Gupta
10. Articles 5 min read

    Seven Tips for Sideport Construction

    Sideport might appear as a small and trivial step in SICS but it has great significance. Improperly constructed side port will give rise to a cascade of events which will complicate the further steps. You can make an ideal side port by employing the following tips. 1. Size Width: A very small side port will pose a lot of problems while instrumentation. It will force multiple attempts to enlarge the side port throughout surgery, which itself poses the risk of injury to intraocular structures. Conversely, a very big side port will lead to wound leak and instable AC intra-operatively. It may end up in needing a suture at the end. So assessment of apt width is imperative. The size of side port is largely dependent on the gauze of simcoe cannula being used. It needs a bit of experience to adequately size the side port and after doing a few cases one will be able to judge how much the blade needs to be inserted and how much extension is required. Fig 1 a. Very Big Sideport and b. Small Sidep

    Dr. Rohit Rao · Dr. Bhavin Kumar Patel

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