1. Blog 3 min read

   Practical Tips for DNB Practical

   It’s time to brace yourself for DNB practicals, in its new Avatar! One look at its design tells that it has been well designed for accurate and speedy assessment of Examinees with little room for chance or bias. So let’s deconstruct it for better understanding and decode it for exploiting to our advantage! Firstly 50% of marks i.e 150 marks comes from Objectively Structured Clinical Evaluation or OSCE, which is a good News. Historically most students from the DNB stream, find OSCE easy to answer. OSCE covers a wide range of concepts in ophthalmology creating a level playing ground, compared to taxing Case Presentations. Few tips for your OSCE. This time, OSCE mimics a theory exam! you are all seated in a hall and the different stations (slides) are streamed on the screen by the NBEMS command center. The answers have to be written on separate sheets for each station. Make sure that you give away the answer sheet after each station. Write with a dark blue or black pen which makes your wr

   Dr. Krishnaprasad R
2. Articles 16 min read

   Papilledema- A Ready Reckoner for Postgraduates

   Introduction Papilledema is used to describe optic disc edema resulting from increased intracranial pressure while disc edema could be due to any cause. While disc edema can be unilateral or bilateral, papilledema is usually bilateral, however, it can be asymmetric, to begin with. Another important differential of true papilledema is pseudo papilledema which is seen in conditions like a small hyperopic optic disc or optic disc drusen, etc. This chapter shall entail a discussion on the etiopathogenesis of papilledema and the approach to diagnosis and management of papilledema. Papilledema and its mechanism It’s a form of bilateral optic disc swelling associated with increased intracranial pressure. An increase in intracranial pressure can occur secondary to an intracranial space-occupying lesion, cerebral venous thrombosis, or can be idiopathic as in the case of Idiopathic Intracranial hypertension (IIH). Figure 1 depicts the mechanism of the development of papilledema. Pseudo vs true p

   Prof. Rohit Saxena · Dr. Monika Yadav · +1 other
3. Articles 13 min read

   Astigmatism - The clinical pearls in Refractive care

   Preface: Astigmatism is a common type of refractive error that we come across in vision clinics on a regular basis. It causes the deterioration of retinal image quality and leads to specific vision-related symptoms. Prevalence of this condition is reported to vary with age, gender, and ethnicity. The clinical diagnosis and management of astigmatism necessitate an understanding of its nature and characteristics. Hence, this particular write-up is prepared as a consolidation of integrated information related to ‘astigmatism’ by focusing on its definition, classic types, relevant clinical evaluation components, and appropriate management options. What is astigmatism? Astigmatism is a type of refractive error/ametropia that occurs when parallel rays of light entering the ocular media (non-accommodative state) are not focused well on the retina. In an optical system with astigmatic error, light rays propagate in two different planes and the incident light rays fail to converge at a single f

   Najiya Sundus K. Meethal · Dr. Krishna Kumar Ramani
4. PowerPoint 1 min read

   Surgical Management of Corneal Infections

   Surgical Management of Corneal Infections

   Dr. Srinivas Phani N
5. PowerPoint 1 min read

   Gonioscopy

   Gonioscopy

   Dr. Mauli Shah
6. PowerPoint 1 min read

   Ocular Leprosy

   Ocular Leprosy

   Dr. Iddi Ndyabawe
7. Articles 12 min read

   i-File: Thyroid Eye Disease

   Case presentation: A 65-year-old man presented to our clinic with gradually progressive protrusion and swelling of both eyes and double vision for 1 year associated with progressive drooping of the right upper eyelid. There is acute onset of pain in the left eye for 10 days. A smoker for 25 years. Past ocular history No h/o previous ocular surgery or trauma Past medical history The patient is a diagnosed case of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease for 2 years. On treatment with Tablet Neomercazole 5mg per day. No history of radio-iodine therapy. The patient has no history of diabetes, hypertension, or cardiac disease. Family history No significant history Ocular Examination: Right Eye Left Eye IOP 18 mmHg 21 mmHg VISUAL ACUITY (UCVA) 6/60 3/60 BCVA 6/24 6/60 COLOUR VISION NORMAL 8/21 OCULAR MOTILITY -1 RESTRICTION IN ALL DIRECTIONS -3 RESTRICTION IN ELEVATION -2 RESTRICTION IN ALL DIRECTION PALPATION NO PALPABLE MASS NO PALPABLE MASS LIDS AND LASHES NEAR-COMPLETE PTOSIS NO LAGOPHTHALMOS L

   F Dr. Rwituja Thomas · FNN · +1 other
8. Articles 10 min read

   Ocular Oncology Basics: Diagnosis of Intraocular Malignancies

   “Declare the past, diagnose the present, foretell the future.” Hippocrates In this section, I will deal with various diagnostic methods which are common in practice for the diagnosis of mainly Intraocular malignancies. Diagnostic modalities used for extraocular malignancies will be considered in the respective chapters. 1.History Even though the twenty-first century has seen a boom in the diagnostic armamentarium available to the ophthalmologist, the art of good history taking can never be out of fashion. History of the present complaints, their duration, and associated complaints can provide multiple clues. If the duration of complaints has been seen over a long period of time with minimal change; a chronic condition can be anticipated. A sudden change in vision is an alerting sign. Personal history pertaining to the patient's occupation will provide us the visual needs of the concerned. Any previous history of other malignancies, its treatment history may provide clues with the etiol

   Dr. Bikramjit Pal
9. Articles 6 min read

   Ocular Oncology Basics: Salient Points from The Pandora's Box

   RETINOBLASTOMA Grouping: Clinical determination of the extent of disease with the focus being the eye. It is a preoperative evaluation with the main outcome being the salvagable status of vision or the eye. Staging: It combines clinical, various imaging, and post-operative histopathological results to determine the extent of the disease. The main outcome is focused on the survival of the patient. International Classification of Retinoblastoma ( grouping) [1] Group A: Tumours smaller than 3mm or less Should be 2DD ( 3mm) from the fovea Should be 1DD (1.5mm) from optic nerve head Group B: Tumours bigger than those in group A Located within 2DD from the fovea Located within 1DD from optic nerve head Localized cuff of subretinal fluid( < 5mm) No seeding is allowed in the group. Group C: Localized tumor dissemination Vitreous seeding not more than 3mm from the base of tumor Subretinal seeding not more than 3mm from the base of tumor Group D: Diffuse tumor dissemination Vitreous seeding may

   Dr. Bikramjit Pal
10. Articles 8 min read

    Ocular Oncology Basics: Genetics

    Twenty first century has seen a giant leap in the understanding of human genetics. Based on the human genome project humans are supposed to have roughly 20,000 to 25,000 genes. Genes are the fundamental units of heredity. To understand genetics involved in various ocular pathologies a basic understanding is essential. The following discussion will provide an overview of basic concepts in genetics and provide a glimpse into the genetics of Retinoblastoma and intraocular melanoma. The basic structure of a chromosome [1] Chromosomes are formed by a tight packaging of the DNA stored in the nucleus of a cell Each gene in humans are comprised of 2 copies ; one inherited from either parent. Forms of the same gene with differences on the basis of bases are known as alleles. A tightly regulated process of transcription and translation involves the production of basic building blocks called as amino acids to form proteins. Gene regulation is the process whereby certain genes are 'switched on' an

    Dr. Bikramjit Pal

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