1. Students Gallery 3 min read

   i-File: Stargardts Disease

   Question A 35-year-old otherwise healthy female ( computer professional) presented with OU diminution noticed recently. BCVA OD 6/12 N6 and OS 6/18 N8. Anterior segment including IOP were normal in both eyes. Fundus examination revealed as depicted in the color fundus photo. What is the diagnosis( a differential is preferred) How do you manage this case Answer: The diagnosis is Stargardt’s Disease(SD)/Fundus flavimaculatus (FFM) Few Features: The onset of SD is generally in the first or second decade of life whereas FFM generally manifests after the 3 decades. The main presenting symptoms generally decrease in central vision. VISUAL ACUITY DOES NOT CORRELATE WITH FUNDUS APPEARANCE. Dyschromatopsia, nyctalopia, and visual field loss are generally not present. The earliest clinical sign is the loss of the foveolar reflex with symmetrical RPE alterations. Atrophy of fovea is generally marked by granularity, mottling, and presence of FLECKS(irregular-shaped yellow-white lesions with shapes

   Dr. Bikramjit Pal
2. Students Gallery 7 min read

   Mendeley Reference Manager: A Step-by-step Guide

   Reference managers (such as Mendeley, Zotero, Endnote) are applications that help scientific writers to search, store and organize literature. Additionally, these platforms allow to systematically insert citations and references in any chosen style while writing manuscripts. These tools allow changing reference style with a few clicks. Reference managers are tools made aiming at academicians and authors of scientific writing. This comes in handy for students for writing thesis and assignments. Writing scholarly papers in any discipline requires the citation of relevant literature. Managing references, in-text citations, and integrating these in the suggested format is a tedious process, especially when done manually. Digital storing of scholarly publications has been available for more than 25 years. In the past 10 years, the ‘Reference Managers’ have become an indispensable part of the scientific writers. Amongst others ‘Mendeley’ is an open reference manager which allows easy storing

   Deepmala Mazumdar · Najiya Sundus K. Meethal
3. Students Gallery 6 min read

   i-File: Valsalva Retinopathy

   Brief Scenario of The Case: A 50-year-old male patient was seen on 27th January 2021 with a chief complain of sudden painful loss of vision in his right eye for 1 week after lifting a heavyweight object at work. History of Present Illness: The patient’s only complain was a black spot and decreased vision in an otherwise normal right eye, which occurred after lifting a heavyweight object (100 kg) at work. Past Ocular History: The patient was using glasses for near vision (+1.00DS) for both eyes. Past Medical History: The patient was a chronic tobacco chewer. He had no other significant medical history. Family History: No family history of hypertension, diabetes, any neurological disease, or coagulopathy condition. Systemic Examination: The patient had a blood pressure of 120/80, RBS was 127 mg%, his Pulse rate was 78/min. His central nervous system, circulatory system, and respiratory system examinations were normal. Ocular Examination: 1. Best-corrected visual acuity (Snellen) • Right

   Dr. Maradula Gangawar · Dr. Dhaivat Shah
4. Students Gallery 12 min read

   i-File: Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy

   A 55-year-old female presented to the Cornea clinic with gradually progressive diminution of vision in both eyes for 1 year, which was associated with intermittent photophobia and colored haloes around lights, especially on waking up in the morning. The blurry vision gradually became clearer as the day progressed. No history of associated pain, watering, redness, itching, or discharge. Past Ocular History: No history of ocular trauma or surgery in the past Past Medical History/ History of Medication: No significant systemic history could be elicited. Patient was not on any medication. No addictions. Family History: No significant family history found Review of Systems/Systemic Examination Systemic examination was within normal limits. All vitals were within normal limits. OCULAR EXAMINATION Best Corrected Visual Acuity (Snellen) Right eye (OD): 6/36 Left eye (OS): 6/12 Ocular Motility/Alignment Full, free, and painless in all gazes Intraocular Pressure (IOP) OD: 16 mm of Hg OS: 16 mm o

   Dr. Hema Joshi
5. Students Gallery 3 min read

   i-File: Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Retinal Telangiectasia

   Question A 61-year-old presented with OU diminution of vision. He complains of distortion of letters which he has noticed in the last few months. He is a well-controlled diabetic for 13 years. There are no other systemic issues. Examination revealed a BCVA of OD 6/18(P) N8, OS 6/24 N8. The anterior segment is unremarkable except for pseudophakia OU (no e/o PCO). Fundus and FFA as shown What is the most probable diagnosis (give your differential)? Which other investigation will help in the diagnosis How will you treat the patient? Answer: Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Retinal Telangiectasia(IJRT) Classification COATS Subretinal exudation without vascular abnormalities Subretinal exudation with vascular abnormalities Exudation with AV malformation This classification is mostly for interest and not followed anymore GASS and BLODI ( 1993) This classification was a modification of the original Gass and Oyakawa classification of 1982 1A) Congenital in nature, having a UNILATERAL presentation in MAL

   Dr. Bikramjit Pal
6. Students Gallery 4 min read

   i-File: Retinal arterial macroaneurysm (RAM)

   Question A 52-year-old female presented with sudden onset blurring of vision in OD for 2 weeks. She is a known case of hypothyroidism on regular treatment. There is no other systemic illness. The best-corrected visual acuity in OD was 6/36(p) N12 and 6/6 N6 in OS. The anterior segment is unremarkable. The fundus is as shown: What is the most probable diagnosis? How will you manage the case (investigations and treatment both) Answer: RAM is generally acquired retinal aneurysmal dilation typically occurring within the first 3 bifurcations of the central retinal artery most commonly seen in elderly hypertensive females. 1. Clinical Classification a) Hemorrhagic Hemorrhage is the major component extending more than 1 DD with visual loss b) Exudative Exudation is the major component responsible for visual loss c) Quiescent Either there is no hemorrhage or exudation or there exists minimal hemorrhage and exudation with minimal or no visual loss They can be further subdivided as predominantly

   Dr. Bikramjit Pal
7. Students Gallery 6 min read

   i-File: Vitreous Haemorrhage

   Question A healthy 26-year-male presented with sudden onset diminution of vision in OS of 1-week duration. The loss of vision was not associated with any trauma, pain, redness. No history of flashes. No previous history of a similar episode. On examination BCVA OD: 6/9 N6; OS: HM. Anterior segment unremarkable OU. Fundus: OD: as depicted in the fundus and FFA, OS: had a dense vitreous hemorrhage What are the differentials for the case based on the fundus picture/ Fundus Fluorescein Angiogram? How do you manage it? Answer: Let’s go in a stepwise fashion to decipher this question. The relevant points from history and FFA are The patient is young with no previous such episodes The loss of visual acuity is 1 week Although not mentioned, we presume the patient to be non-diabetic, and is not hypertensive; however, the same needs to be investigated The better eye has a large frond of NVE( neovascularization elsewhere) in the temporal quadrant So differentials in a young with dense vitreous he

   Dr. Bikramjit Pal
8. Articles 25 min read

   Choroidal Neovascular Membrane: Made Easy For Postgraduates

   Introduction Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) or choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) is a growth of new choroidal vessels into the subretinal space through breaks in the Bruch's membrane. Ophthalmoscopically the CNVM appears as a greenish-grey lesion, often with a detachment of the sensory retina, subretinal blood, and exudates. Choroidal neovascularization can be multifactorial with the commonest being due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), called the wet or exudative AMD. The other causes of include high myopia, angioid streaks, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, choroidal rupture post-trauma, osteoma, macular telangiectasia, inflammatory and idiopathic. Since the most common cause of CNVM remains age-related, this writeup will focus on the same. Age-related macular degeneration is the most common cause of blindness in the western world over the age of 65 years. With a worldwide UN estimate of about 20-25million, 8 million individuals are in the USA alone.1 The numb

   Dr. Santosh Gopi Krishna Gadde · Dr. Nikitha Reddy Gurram · +1 other
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   Medical Therapy of Glaucoma

   Medical Therapy of Glaucoma

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    Introduction To Uveitis

    Introduction To Uveitis

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