1. Articles 13 min read

   Anterior Vitrectomy Made Easy For Cataract Surgeon

   One of the most dreaded complications of cataract surgery is a posterior capsular tear (PCR). Its rate ranges from 1.3% to 9.6% (from skilled surgeons to trainees)1-5. Early recognition of the PCR and skilled management is necessary for good surgical outcomes and to avoid any devastating sequelae. Hence, anterior vitrectomy is an important skill that every cataract surgeon should master. There are some risk factors that may predispose to PCR like a true posterior polar cataract, dense and mature cataracts, old age (zonular weakness, small pupil, and denser cataract), uncooperative/ anxious patients, poor visualization due to corneal disease, pre-existing ocular trauma leading to capsular rupture/ zonular damage, etc.6,7 A thorough preparation beforehand may avoid confusion and lead to a well-managed surgery. The OT staff should be well aware of the kit to be used for anterior vitrectomy and the settings to be used for the same. Early identification of the posterior capsular tear The ea

   Dr. Vishal Agrawal · Dr. Ketan Rathod · +1 other
2. PowerPoint 1 min read

   Macular Hole

   Macular Hole

   Dr. Rutuja Talegaonkar
3. PowerPoint 1 min read

   Surgical Technique Of Excision Of Conjunctival Growth

   Surgical Technique Of Excision Of Conjunctival Growth

   Dr. Iddi Ndyabawe
4. Articles 16 min read

   Allergic Eye Diseases

   Introduction Allergic eye disease (AED) is a common problem, owing to the fact that the eye is the first organ to encounter environmental allergens. It has been reported to affect 20% of the population worldwide1, 2. Allergic eye disease is found to be on the rise in line with other atopic diseases like asthma, due to environmental reasons. Classification of Allergic Eye Diseases 1, 4 1. Allergic conjunctivitis Acute allergic conjunctivitis Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis Toxic induced (acute contact with irritant) Chronic allergic conjunctivitis Perennial allergic conjunctivitis Toxic induced (long standing) 2. Contact dermatoblepharitis 3. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis 4. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis 5. Giant papillary conjunctivitis 6. Microbial allergic conjunctivitis Staphylococcal blepharoconjunctivitis Phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis Splendore Hoeppli phenomenon (allergic granulomatous Nodules) Immunopathology in allergic eye disease 3, 5 The ocular surface exhibits a variety o

   P Dr. P.Vijayalakshmi
5. Students Gallery 8 min read

   How to Write Your Thesis

   Getting Started At the very onset, we want to mention that we are no experts writing thesis or papers. But as somebody has correctly mentioned that in our discipline it is time and more time that makes you wise. (hey sorry we don’t have a reference for this). It’s a humble effort on our part to share our experiences with our fellow colleagues, with the hope that it may be helpful to some of them. As the modern lexicon goes Publish or Perish. Unfortunately, it is true. Someday or the other we must write papers, maybe for thesis or for conferences and for somebody just to build up his CV. So we really have to start someday. The toughest part is to begin it. We can really break up it into number of small steps and will be discussing them as we go along. Deciding on a topic It goes without saying that this is the most important part. For many beginners, it is really baffling how to decide on a topic. (more so because of the fact most of the undergraduate curriculums in our country do not r

   Dr. Rupak Roy
6. Articles 16 min read

   Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis

   Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) is a form of ocular inflammation that involves the peripheral portion of cornea and may be associated with systemic conditions such as Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA), Wegener’s Granulomatosis(WG), and other systemic conditions. It is a potentially devastating disorder consisting of a crescent-shaped destructive inflammation at the margin of corneal stroma that is associated with an epithelial defect, presence of stromal inflammatory cells, and progressive stromal degradation and thinning. The onset of Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis has been linked to various anatomical factors of central and peripheral cornea and adjoining limbus. Though the local concentration of small and medium weight proteins like IgA, IgG and most complements are similar in central and peripheral cornea, the peripheral cornea has been found to be associated with higher concentrations of higher molecular weight(HMW) protein molecules like IgM and complement C1(5 times), possibily ow

   AA A M Dr. A. Agarwal · Dr. A.Panda · +1 other
7. Articles 11 min read

   DCR: When You Start,Do It Right !!

   Introduction: Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a procedure wherein an alternate passage is created between the lacrimal sac and nasal mucosa through a bony ostium, bypassing the normal lacrimal pathway. Indications: 1. Persistent congenital lacrimal duct obstruction unresponsive to conservative management. 2. Primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO). 3. Secondary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (SALDO). Types: DCR can be classified as either external or internal. In external DCR the bone of lacrimal sac fossa is accessed through a cutaneous incision over the medial canthus. In internal DCR the normal openings around the lacrimal outflow system ( puncta, canaliculus, nasal cavity) are utilized to create the passage between the lacrimal sac and nasal cavity, without any skin incision. Internal DCR is most commonly performed through an endonasal approach and can be performed by using roungers, drills and even lasers. Endonasal DCR s can be performed either under endosco

   Dr. Md. Shahid Alam · Dr. Bipasha Mukherjee
8. Articles 14 min read

   Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma

   Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma is a condition in which elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) occurs as a result of obstruction of aqueous outflow by partial or complete closure of angle by the peripheral iris. I. Classical Classification: Prodromal Stage Stage of constant instability Acute Congestive Stage Chronic Angle Closure Stage Absolute Stage II. Newer Classification: Recommended by the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) and World Glaucoma Association (WGA). 1. Primary Angle Closure Suspect This includes any eye that has a primary, abnormally narrow angular width of the anterior-chamber-angle recess, wherein the peripheral iris is located close to, yet not touching, the posterior pigmented trabecular meshwork. Patients with primary anatomic narrow anterior-chamber angles are at risk for subsequent primary angle closure (PAC). 2. Primary Angle Closure and Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma Any eye that has a primary anatomic narrow anterior-chamber angle and evidence such as pe

   RV Dr. Srinivasan Kavitha · Dr. Rengaraj Venkatesh
9. Articles 11 min read

   Newer Imaging Technology in Glaucoma

   Clinical examination of the disc has been the basis of disc and nerve fibre layer evaluation for ages but it is marred by its subjectivity and non-reproducibility, in the diagnosis and detection of glaucoma. Though visual field changes give concrete and reproducible evidence of glaucomatous changes, it becomes manifest only after considerable damage has occurred to the retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) and the nerve fibre layer(NFL). There are normally 1.2 - 2.4 million nerve fibres and corresponding number of ganglion cells in the retina. Kerrigan-Baumann and Quigley et al 1 documented that a loss of 35.7% of the RGCs was required for the manifestation of corrected pattern standard deviation(CPSD) 90 seconds per eye Figure4: Print out of a normal C20 programme Threshold program (N20 and N30): This program uses more contrast levels to search for the patient's threshold at each of the tested location. N30- horizontal area extended to include an extra portion of the nasal visual field, result

   SP Prof. Sushmita Kaushik · Dr. SS Pandav
10. Articles 5 min read

    Intravitreal Injections -technique and tips

    Intravitreal injections involve injecting therapeutic agents (drugs/air/gases) inside the vitreous cavity through pars plana under aseptic precautions Surgical anatomy Site of injection: Pars plana Ciliary body: Consists of two parts a) anterior pars plicata b) posterior pars plana Pars plicata Circumferential zone 2.5mm in anteroposterior diameter Pars plana Varies in anteroposterior diameter nasally 3mm wide and temporally 4.5mm wide. This variation is because of the posterior globe on temporal side curves posteriorly & laterally more than on the nasal side. Pars plana extend from pars plicata anteriorly to ora serrata (termination of the retina) posteriorly. Blood vessels in pars plana are radially oriented but circumferential incisions across these vessels cause no bleeding. Also, lens zonules insert into ciliary body avoiding pars plana Thus, needle punctures 3.5 mm posterior to limbus enter globe through pars plana Not damaging lens Not puncturing the retina Not tethering / damag

    VP Parag K. Shah, DNB · Dr. Varsha V. Prabhu

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