1. Articles 21 min read

   The Lacrimal Apparatus

   Development of the lacrimal secretory apparatus: The lacrimal gland develops from solid ectodermal buds in the anterior superolateral part of the orbit. The gland does not start functioning fully until approximately 6 weeks after birth. Newborn infants do not produce tears while crying. Development of the lacrimal excretory system: The Nasolacrimal duct opens in the inferior meatus of the nose. Failure of the caudal end to canalize at birth results in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, which resolves spontaneously in the majority of cases within 4-6 weeks of birth. Anatomy of the lacrimal system: The lacrimal secretory apparatus Tears are secreted by the main and accessory lacrimal glands. The main lacrimal gland is located in the lacrimal gland fossa in the superotemporal quadrant of the orbit. The lacrimal gland has two lobes, the larger almond-shaped orbital, and the smaller palpebral lobe. These lobes are divided by the lateral horn of the levator aponeurosis. The palpebral

   JK Dr. Jayant Kadaskar · Dr. Md. Shahid Alam · +1 other
2. Articles 21 min read

   Long Case of Ptosis

   Blepharoptosis refers to the inferodisplacement or drooping of the upper eyelids.The condition can be congenital associated with the presence of a dystrophic levator muscle or acquired due to a myogenic, neurogenic, mechanical, aponeurotic or traumatic cause. We aim to provide certain general guidelines to the management of a patient with ptosis. In assessment of long case of ptosis the clinical examination should start with History as with any other case. History: Obtain a thorough medical and ophthalmic history. The onset of ptosis, Alleviating or aggravating factors, Family history of ptosis Whether increasing, decreasing, or constant since the time of manifestation Association with Jaw movements Abnormal ocular movements Abnormal head posture History of Trauma or previous surgery Poisoning Use of steroid drops Any reaction with anesthesia Bleeding tendency Previous photographs may prove to be of great help. Ocular Examination: Head Posture: A significant head posture (usually chin

   ST Dr. A. K. Grover · Dr. Shaloo Bageja · +1 other
3. Articles 28 min read

   Medical Management of Glaucoma

   Introduction The primary goal in the treatment of glaucoma is to prevent or retard the loss of visual function caused by damage to the optic nerve. Our therapeutic approaches, however, are currently limited to reducing IOP. This approach of lowering a potentially harmful pressure will apply to patients with documented optic nerve damage and visual field loss as well as those with elevated IOP or other well-described risk factors so that treatment is indicated to prevent the onset of damage. We now have five major randomized glaucoma clinical trials stating that intraocular pressure is important for protecting the susceptible optic nerve in patients with glaucoma. Basic Pharmacology Before going into the details of the drugs used in glaucoma, let us have a look at the basic pharmacologic principles in topical ocular treatment. Bioavailability of topical ocular medications: The penetration of topically applied medication into the eye is proportional to the concentration of the drug that

   Dr. Rita Singh
4. Interesting Reads 5 min read

   Trivia

   Do you Know !! The eye muscles are the most active muscles in the whole body. The external muscles that move ht eyes are the strongest muscles in the human body for the job that they have to do. They are 100 times powerful than they need to be. Eyes are composed of more than two million working parts. The eye can process 36,000 bits of information every hour. A normal lifespan will bring you almost 24 million of images of the world around you. Eyes can instantaneously set in motion hundreds of muscles & organs in our body. A blink of an eye lasts about one-tenth of a second. The average persons blink their eyes about 11,500 times per day and about 4.2 million times per year. Dacryphilia is the arousal from seeing tears in the eyes of a partner. Chewing gum while peeling onions will keep you away from crying. Men can read smaller print than women, women can hear well. You can’t sneeze with your eyes open (you can try it!!) Everyone is colour blind at birth. The eye is the only part of t

   Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
5. Articles 14 min read

   Eyelid Trauma

   In recent times, eyelid injuries are on the rise primarily because of the increasing incidence of road traffic accidents, industrial mishaps and intentional assaults on the human body. Injury to the eyelids, lacrimal system or orbital wall may be isolated or may occur in association with mid facial injuries. History A precise history is essential to assess the severity of the injury. In some cases, an ophthalmologist can anticipate the extent and severity of injury from the mechanism of injury. It is important to elicit the mode of injury, whether it is with sharp or blunt objects or due to thermal or chemical injury or due to dog bites. In cases of animal bites, a complete tetanus immunization history is obtained and if required proper immunization should be given. Examination Of The Patient The patient’s injury must be dealt with according to the priority. The basic “ABC’s” (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) must be evaluated, before proceeding to the management of localized injury. Th

   SP Dr. A. K. Grover · Dr. Shaloo Bageja · +1 other
6. Interesting Reads 10 min read

   Scientific Writing: Common Pitfalls & How to Avoid Them

   The preceding chapters have given us a fair idea of how to go about writing an original manuscript for publication: the why, the what, and the how of manuscript writing. We have been primed with inspiration, research tools, and the nitty-gritty of techniques to carve out an original contribution to science from the banalities of repetitious clinical routines. But before we jump headlong into the unforgiving cauldron of publishing research, let us trim our intellectual exuberance with the reality check of the roadblocks, ruts, and pitfalls on the way to the crowning glory of our maiden publication. This wisdom is necessary so that we may avoid some common booby traps in manuscript writing, and learn to both avoid and handle the inevitable and repetitive failures, which should not snuff out our spark at the first setback. BEFORE WE WRITE: the first hiccups The writer’s block hits the prospective authors right at the starting block: how to generate a new idea for research? A few starting

   Dr. Dhananjay Shukla
7. Articles 14 min read

   Advances in Retinal Imaging

   Modern imaging modalities in the field of the retina have expanded our understanding of common pathologies including diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), and many rare retinal diseases such as dystrophies, which were poorly understood before. This chapter describes newer emerging techniques in retinal imaging which enables advanced screening, monitoring and provide objective measures for treatment monitoring. MULTICOLOUR IMAGING Compared to standard fundus cameras, multi-colour images produced by the scanning laser ophthalmoscope(SLO) have a higher resolution due to reduced light scatter and allow image acquisition at different planes and higher contrast through a non mydriatic pupil using different wavelengths. SPECTRALIS Optical Coherence Tomography SDOCT(SPECTRALIS SD-OCT, Heidelberg Engineering,Heidelberg, Germany) uses the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope(cSLO) to capture three simultaneous reflectance im

   Dr. Sushma J · Dr. Jay Chhablani
8. Interesting Reads 7 min read

   Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis - FIVE Important Points We Should Know

   Allergic conjunctivitis, which includes a spectrum of clinical entities is one of the most common conditions with which patients present to a general ophthalmologist. They include milder forms like seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis as well as severe forms like vernal and atopic which can be sight-threatening. In spite of common clinical and immunological features vernal keratoconjunctivitis differs from the rest in myriad ways. (1)This article brings forth five most pertinent points which will not only improve the understanding but also help identify and manage it. 1. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis can have three distinct forms Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a bilateral, chronic, usually seasonal, recurrent allergic inflammation of the conjunctiva. It mainly affects boys living in tropical countries in their first or second decade of life, mostly seasonal but in tropical countries, it can be perennial too. In the temperate regions, in many parts of Africa, Latin America

   Dr. Shweta Agarwal · Dr. Bhaskar Srinivasan · +1 other
9. Students Gallery 13 min read

   How to examine a case of strabismus ?

   There is no substitute to good history obtained at the start of the examination As history gives us a direction to look for, and find pertinent signs aiding in diagnosis and management. The various presenting complaints could range from abnormal head posture, deviation noticed by parents or friends, intermittent eye closure, double vision and so on. Some important points to be noted in patients with squint include, Family history of squint and wear of glasses (amongst parents, siblings and distant relatives) Personal history starting from birth history- Factors such as prematurity and birth weight, nature of delivery (normal/forceps/cesarean) Deviation – the age at which it was noticed, the direction of deviation (inward/ outward/ other) the eye deviated, constant or intermittent nature of deviation. Further, if deviation becomes more obvious when the child is inattentive, tired or ill. The diurnal or cyclic pattern if any also has to be noted. Any history of convulsion, illness or tra

   Dr. Sowmya R, MS,FMRF, FAICO · Dr. Prerana Tripathi, DO, DNB, FICO
10. Students Gallery 4 min read

    Tips To Achieve Ideal Rhexis

    Capsulorhexis was pioneered and popularized by Howard Gimbel. Capsulorhexis is probably the most challenging to learn in cataract surgery, in other words, once a good rhexis is done half the battle is won. All the Post- Graduates and beginners struggle to do rhexis. This article has compiled small tips and tricks to do rhexis better. Ideally, rhexis should be continuous and curvilinear i.e Circular, Central & of Correct size (5.5-6 mm). Circular: for proper IOL centering and stabilization in the bag Continous: to prevent rhexis extension Correct size: for IOL centering and to ensure anterior capsule overlapping IOL optic 360 degrees. It can be done with the help of a double bent 26 G/27 G needle or rhexis forceps. Let's break the table and use the advantages of a needle Needle Utrata Forceps Advantages Cheap Disposable Universally available Customized Small diameter, lightweight Can be done through side port so less chance of AC shallowing Precise control Disadvantages Less precise con

    Dr. Rohit Rao · Dr. Charudutt Kalamkar

More articles