1. Interesting Reads 14 min read

   How to make an effective power point presentation

   There is more to a PowerPoint presentation than to make slides and presenting them. The entire process can be divided into a series of steps each of which is extremely important in order to make an effective presentation which could leave a lasting impression on the audience. The steps are summarized as- Getting started- The groundwork Making the PowerPoint Making it better –Getting rid of the rough edges Practise ( makes you perfect) Prelude to the presentation- Acclimatising Presentation – Last but not least Getting started: Knowledge, it is said is power. Having a better understanding of the various aspects of a presentation helps us make it better. Knowing the topic- This step forms the foundation of any presentation. No presentation is complete without proper knowledge of the topic. While preparing, the presenter must make an effort to read from many sources in order to have a better understanding of the topic. Latest articles regarding the topic can be looked upon ww.pubmed.gov w

   Dr. Tandava Krishnan · Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
2. Articles 13 min read

   Perfluorocarbons in Ophthalmology

   INTRODUCTION Perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCLs) were first developed in 1970s as possible substitutes to erythrocytes[1],[2] because of their capacity to dissolve relatively large amounts of oxygen. Initial trials with these compounds focused on their feasibility to be used as blood substitutes. These experiments proved the biocompatibility of these compounds. Based on their properties, they were then introduced for intraocular use, in what has become a milestone in vitreoretinal surgery. After animal studies confirmed the safety of PFCL compounds as vitreous substitutes, Chang et al in 1987 first described the successful intraocular use of low viscosity liquid fluorocarbons (perfluorotributylamine and perfluorodecalin) in four patients with complicated retinal detachments.[3],[4] Long-term tamponade in animal models demonstrated retinal atrophy and retinal necrosis at the perfluorocarbon aqueous interface after 4 weeks even when highly purified PFCL compounds (perfluorodecalin) were used

   Dr. Abhishek R. Kothari
3. Articles 28 min read

   Optical Coherence Tomography- Evolution and Clinical Applications

   1. Introduction Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging modality that has revolutionized the practice of clinical ophthalmology over the past decade. OCT provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina, optic nerve head and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) unobtainable by any other current modality, and enables qualitative and quantitative evaluation. As opposed to other retinal imaging modalities that provide én face images, it provides for sectional information, and in that sense is analogous to an in vivo “optical biopsy” (Figure 1). It is safe, fast, reproducible, does not require greatly skilled technicians, and has minimal, if any, interobserver issues. Several advances in recent times have contributed to vast improvements in resolution and speed of OCT devices, and expanded their applications manifold. In 2010, in the US alone, an estimated 16 million OCT procedures were done, amounting to $ 780 million in reimbursement.[1] Fig 1. Macular OCT wi

   Dr. Abhishek R. Kothari
4. Articles 8 min read

   Macular Buckle Indications, Technique and Challenges

   Macular Buckling (MB) is simply defined as a modified scleral buckle (SB) surgery where the sclera is remodeled to appose the retina to the sclero-choroidal complex thereby relieving the traction. Unlike conventional SB, where buckle element is placed circumferentially around the eyeball, MB element is placed behind the globe under macula indenting the sclera from posterior. MB has been tried by various surgeons for varied purpose. In general, situations, where MB has been attempted for a variety of posterior pole diseases, are as follows- Eyes with pathological myopia (PM) associated with posterior staphyloma (PS) Eyes with Optic Pit abnormalities Eyes requiring scleral remodeling posterior to the equator, where routine SB may not be effective In all practical situations, pathological myopia having posterior staphyloma associated macular changes is presently the most common indications for MB surgery. The other 2 situations have been very rarely attempted with MB surgery, with limited

   Dr. Pradeep Susvar · Dr. Kushal Delhiwala
5. Articles 7 min read

   Choroidal Neovascular Membrane

   Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) is an ingrowth of new vessels from the choriocapillaris through a break in the outer aspect of Bruch’s membrane into the sub-pigment epithelial space. These new vessels are accompanied by fibroblasts, resulting in a fibrovascular complex that proliferates within the inner aspect of Bruch’s membrane. This fibrovascular complex can disrupt and destroy the normal architecture of the choriocapillaris, Bruch’s membrane, and the RPE. In addition, fibroglial and fibrovascular tissue can also disrupt and destroy the normal architecture of the photoreceptors and the remaining outer retina leading to the formation of a disciform scar. Within the subpigment epithelial space, the CNV can leak fluid and blood and may be accompanied by a serous or hemorrhagic detachment of the RPE. CNVM that remains restricted to the sub-RPE space is Type1 CNVM and when it becomes sub-retinal it is Type 2 CNVM. Clinical Features Symptoms of CNVM: Sudden onset of decreased vision

   TT Dr. Thomas Thachil
6. Articles 13 min read

   Management of Subluxated cataract

   Zonular compromise complicates every step of cataract surgery and poses a serious challenge in terms of safety and visual outcome. When the lens is displaced from its normal position, it is considered subluxated if it remains in the pupillary area and luxated or dislocated if it is completely displaced from the pupil. Ectopia lentis is the term used to describe congenital dislocations.1 Lens displacements may be traumatic, heritable, and spontaneous.( Table 1) Table 1: Causes of Lens Dislocation Causes Features Traumatic Responsible for >50% lens displacements Heritable Associated systemic anomalies Marfans’s syndrome: Triad of skeletal, cardiovascular & ocular anomalies. Autosomal dominant. Generalized thinness and elongation of limbs, sternal deformities, kyphoscoliosis, joint hyperextensibility, low ratio between upper and lower segment, arachnodactyly, cardiopathy, aortic dilatation, dissecting aneurysm, mitral regurgitation. Ectopia lentis: B/L superotemporally, usually partial, r

   KM Dr. Ruchi Goel · Dr. KPS Malik
7. Students Gallery 12 min read

   Writing the Materials and Methods and Summarizing the Thesis

   One of the most important steps of performing a thesis is “PLANNING” for it. The plan comes after the rationale for the study has been established and existing literature reviewed thoroughly. Executing the plan is easier said than done and requires rigor at every step to accumulate high-quality data. The document containing this “PLAN” is called the “Manual of Operations” (MOP) and represents all the procedural details essential to ensure the smooth performance of each and every step of the study. While writing a scientific manuscript, it is not only important to report the results of the study but also to enumerate the steps followed to arrive at the results. The latter is referred to as the “Materials and Methods” or simply methods section of the scientific manuscript. It should be described in sufficient detail to allow easy replication by a competent fellow researcher, but the authors should guard against overzealous description and avoid unnecessary technical details. If the MOP i

   Dr. Sabyasachi Sengupta. D.O. (JIPMER)
8. Articles 10 min read

   Fun with Prisms in Ophthalmology

   What are prisms? Prisms are nothing but a portion of a refracting medium bordered by two plane surfaces that are inclined at a finite angle. Prisms have a thicker portion called the base of the prism and a tapering portion called the apex of the prism. Prisms are oriented with their apex towards the direction of deviation. What happens to light when it enters a prism? Light has particle and wave characteristics. When it travels through the thicker base of the prism, the particle form of light has to travel a longer distance than at the apex of the prism, this difference causes light to bend towards the base of the prism. The power of a prism to bend light is measured in prism diopters (PD). One prism diopter will shift light by 1 cm at 1m distance. Calibration of Prism Prisms made of glass are calibrated in Prentice position. They should be held with the back surface perpendicular to the line of sight. Plastic prisms and prism bars are calibrated by the angle of minimum deviation. They

   Dr. Manjula Jayakumar
9. Articles 9 min read

   Seasonal Hyperacute Panuveitis (SHAPU)

   Introduction: Seasonal Hyperacute Panuveitis (SHAPU) is a mysterious eye disease with grave prognosis, reported only from Nepal. Though it was reported for the first time in 1975,1-3 no definite etiopathogenesis has been established to date. It occurs as an outbreak in certain regions of Nepal in a cyclical pattern during the autumn season and peaks during the winter season (August–December) only in odd years. Thus, after the first outbreak of 1975, the next outbreaks occurred in 1977,1979, 1981, and so on and the last outbreak was reported in 2019. SHAPU predominately occurs among children4 and the youngest reported case is a 38- day-male baby.5 No gender predilection has been identified in SHAPU.4 All cases are mainly immunocompetent with no prior history of systemic or ocular illness/trauma.4, 6 SHAPU is very devastating and generally leads to the loss of sight within a week, followed by cosmetic disfigurement due to phthisis bulbi, which can have a significant emotional impact on t

   Dr. Ranju Kharel (Sitaula)
10. Interesting Reads 21 min read

    Musings from the Wise in the Covid Era

    We all are in the midst of an unprecedented global crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This global pandemic has changed the ophthalmology practice pattern and there is an atmosphere of growing uncertainty among the ophthalmologists. We three spoke to some of the finest and sharpest minds in Indian ophthalmology and teachers of the teachers. Dr. Amod Gupta is a world-renowned ophthalmologist and teacher of teachers. Dr. Gupta retired from the Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. Dr. Amod Gupta has been a teacher and mentor to many for over four decades. Dr. Gullapalli Nageswara Rao founded the L V Prasad Eye institute in 1987. Dr. G N Rao has shaped many minds in his illustrious career in the field of ophthalmology. He has notable contributions to the advancement of ophthalmology in the nation. He currently holds the honorable position as the Chair of the Academia Ophthalmological Internationalis. Dr. Lingam Gopal is a pion

    Dr. Soumya Podury · Dr. Tandava Krishnan · +1 other

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