1. Students Gallery 6 min read

   LASERs in Ophthalmology: A Concise Guide for the Postgraduates

   LASER is an acronym for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”. Invented more than 50 years ago, today lasers are synonymous with precision and sophistication. The first medical application of lasers was the use in retinal photocoagulation and that role has been ever-evolving. Today its application is evident in all subspecialties of ophthalmology as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Since medieval times, the damaging effects of strong light have been known to mankind. Socrates advocated avoiding direct viewing of the solar eclipse. The first documented use of light therapeutically was by Meyer- Schwickerath. He focused sunlight on the retinas of patients to treat melanomas. An undocumented early experiment with the aim of therapeutic photocoagulation was done by Moran- Salas in the 1940s. Meyer- Schwikerath highlighted that photic burns may be beneficial as a therapy. However, the major limitation of this was the requirement of enough sunlight to achieve the desire

   Dr. Soumya Podury
2. Students Gallery 3 min read

   Ten Tips for Postgraduates Preparing for Exams

   Everyone is going to tell you that you have to study from Day 1 of your course and you have to be systematic. Most of you, however, will end up postponing studying for exams till the very end. So here are some tips to help ease the tension and anxiety associated with exam preparation. Question bank: Familiarize yourself with the question bank for your course, especially for the last 5 years. Questions may be repeated, with the words changed. Get to know how the marking is done for various components of the question. For example, the clinical presentation may be allotted 4 marks and management 6 marks in a question. It is important to write in greater detail for the management part. Diagrams: There is no point in looking at diagrams. It will be impossible to recall the finer details if you are not intimately familiar with the diagram. Practice drawing with the correct color codes in a separate notebook which you can revise before the theory paper. Friends in need: It is not uncommon for

   Dr. Meenakshi Swaminathan
3. Articles 22 min read

   Bacterial Endophthalmitis - Where We Stand ?

   Endophthalmitis is a potentially devastating condition of intraocular procedures. It is an inflammation of internal coats of the eye along with inflammation of intraocular cavities i.e. aqueous and vitreous humour that occur as a result of intraocular colonization of microorganisms. It is one of the most feared complications of cataract extraction and other intraocular surgeries. Rarely, infectious endophthalmitis is the presenting feature of an underlying systemic infection. The incidence of endophthalmitis has sharply declined within two to three decades because of variations in surgical technique, scrupulous asepsis, and use of preoperative and post-operative broad-spectrum antibiotics. Classification Of Endophthalmitis: General categories include postoperative endophthalmitis (acute, delayed-onset, conjunctival filtering–bleb associated, glaucoma drainage devices associated), posttraumatic endophthalmitis (blunt or penetrating ocular trauma, foreign bodies), endophthalmitis associa

   Dr. Sugandha Goel · Dr. Ekta Rishi
4. Students Gallery 7 min read

   Practical Examination DNB Ophthalmology

   The following write-up contains some of the frequently asked topics during the DNB practical examinations. Do keep in mind that this is just a sample, the scope of Ophthalmology is vast and it’s the 3 years effort put in during the course of residency that makes you comfortable to face the examination. It is important to have a thorough knowledge of the frequently asked questions, rather than knowing rare, obscure facts. In the end, it’s all back to basics! Any examiner starts questioning with a basic level of questions that he deems are essential knowledge for the candidate to pass or be qualified as an ophthalmologist, once the candidate clears that level only then does the examiner pose level 2 or level 3, the relatively tough/ rare/ newer questions. This should make clear that in order to clear the examination, level 1 questions MUST and should be answered! And that is what the following literature will focus on mostly. Exam Pattern: Most centers usually have: 2 Anterior Segment ca

   Dr. Sameeksha Agrawal · Dr. Soumya Podury
5. Articles 20 min read

   Uveitic Macular Edema

   Introduction: Macular edema is defined as swelling of the layers of neurosensory retina within the macula. Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a subtype of macular edema characterized by extracellular accumulation of fluid within the outer plexiform layer of the retina in the form of intraretinal cyst. It is known as one of the complications, that develops consequent to a final common pathway in diverse diseases affecting the blood-retinal barrier. CME is a major cause of visual loss in uveitis. The overall reported prevalence of visual impairment associated with uveitic CME is 33–42 % and is influenced by the age, location, severity, and duration of retinal edema. [1,2] In young age, the retinal tissue shows resistance to development of CME, but advanced age is independently associated with early development of CME, regardless of the duration of uveitis. In contrast, the most frequent causes of visual loss in pediatric uveitis are retinal scars and glaucoma. [3] Panuveitis and intermediate

   Dr. Amit H Palkar · Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
6. Interesting Reads 11 min read

   Contemplating Dacryology

   Dacryology is the study of the lacrimal system of the human body. Dr. Rohit Rao and Dr. Bindu Malini from eOphtha spoke to Dr. Javed Ali, one of the pioneers in the field of dacryology. We hope this discussion would shed light on the field of dacryology and would answer some common queries pertaining to the surgical management of dacryocystitis. Dr. Javed Ali is the Head, Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology, LVPEI, Hyderabad. He is also serving as the Hong-Leong Professor, University of Singapore, Singapore. and Professor, Friedrich Alexander University, Nuremberg, Germany, Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Rochester, New York, Senior Von Humboldt Scientist, FAU, Nurnberg, Germany. He completed his basic medical education and MS Ophthalmology from NTR University of Health Sciences, Hyderabad. He obtained his fellowship of Royal College of General Practitioners (FRCGP), UK in 2003 and fellowship of Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (FRCS) in 2008. He al

   Dr. Rohit Rao · Dr. Bindu Malini
7. Interesting Reads 8 min read

   Learn from the Masters : Glaucoma Practice in the COVID-19 Time

   The COVID 19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown has resulted in an unprecedented scenario, especially as ophthalmologists. These are testing times, but as is natural to humankind, we are rising and growing from this. We are all trying to the best of our abilities to adapt to the new normal and eventually reboot. In these uncertain times, the main focus has been to keep our patients, families, and ourselves safe. The team at eOphtha asked a few important questions on reverting to a functional glaucoma practice from three luminaries in glaucoma. Dr. G Chandrasekhar (GC) MD, FRCS has been associated with L V Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI) since its inception in 1987 and is currently the Vice-Chair, LVPEI. Dr Chandrasekhar is an esteemed clinician and a passionate teacher. Dr GC is a mentor to many national and international fellows. He has published over 100 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals and has been a reviewer for numerous ophthalmology journals. He is the C

   Dr. Tamonash Basu
8. Students Gallery 7 min read

   Ten Tips for the Beginner to Examine a Patient of Ptosis

   1. History A careful history helps in identifying the etiology of ptosis (Fig 1). The age at onset of ptosis and its duration will usually distinguish congenital from acquired cases. Relevant history should be elicited in all patients regarding the variability of ptosis during the day, associations with any jaw movements, abnormal ocular movements and head posture, diplopia, or tiredness. Old photographs often reveal important information. A family history of similar conditions should be determined to rule out Congenital or hereditary ptosis, blepharophimosis, ocular myopathies, etc. Any history of previous surgery, trauma, or use of steroids should be recorded. According to its etiology, it can be classified as myogenic, aponeurotic, neurogenic, neuromuscular, mechanical, or traumatic. Figure 1: Young female with Left eye severe ptosis 2. Ruling out pseudoptosis There are conditions that can mimic ptosis include enophthalmos, anophthalmos, contralateral proptosis, contralateral lid re

   Dr. A. K. Grover · Dr. Shaloo Bageja · +1 other
9. Articles 15 min read

   Authorship

   “With great power comes great responsibility” Stan Lee in Spiderman Introduction: Publications represent the three ‘R’s of modern times– recognition, respect, and revenue, for anyone in the field of science and research. Authorship has become the currency of the current generation and a measure of one's status in the international scientific community. The number of papers published, the journals in which they are published, and their ranking on the list of authors is all crucial when it comes to promotions, funding and market value in the employment exchange. The ‘publish or perish’ culture has become our survival mantra. However, as Rennie, Deputy Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association put it: “the coin of publication has two sides: credit and accountability.”1 Authorship is also the fulfillment of great responsibility. It is indeed unfortunate that many authors are not aware of, or choose to disregard this obligation to see their names on print, whatever be the co

   Dr. Bipasha Mukherjee
10. Articles 20 min read

    Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy

    Introduction Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV), first described by Yannuzzi et al1 in 1982, is a distinct clinical entity characterized by persistent recurrent serous leakage and hemorrhage in the macula, and is seen in the elderly population. The disorder was poorly understood earlier and had been described by various authors as recurrent pigment epithelial detachment (PED) and posterior uveal bleeding syndrome.2.5 The primary abnormality, as described by Yannuzzi et al,1, 2, 6involves the choroidal circulation, and the characteristic lesion is an inner choroidal vascular network of vessels ending in an aneurysmal bulge visible clinically as a reddish-orange spheroidal polyp like structure. More recently with improvement in choroidal imaging using Enhanced Depth Imaging and Swept-Source optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT and SS-OCT), PCV is regarded as a part of the Pachychoroid spectrum of diseases and a variant of Type I choroidal neovascularization.7, 8, 9 Epidemiology The

    Dr. Giridhar Anantharaman, MS, FVRS · Dr. Jay Sheth, DNB, FVRS

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