1. Articles 5 Apr 2020 15 min read

   Acute Retinal Necrosis

   Acute retinal necrosis was first described in Japan by Urayama and colleagues who described six otherwise healthy patients, presented with panuveitis and retinal arteritis developing retinal detachment. At that point of time, this entity was known in the Japanese literature as “Kirisawa uveitis”1.Young and Bird first used the term “bilateral acute retinal necrosis” in 1978 2. In 1982 Culbertson and associates 3 first reported the possible involvement of a herpes group virus as the causative agent of acute retinal necrosis syndrome after histopathology and electron microscopy evaluation of an enucleated eye. The Executive Committee of the American Uveitis Society 4 de?ned the disease by its clinical characteristics and disease course in 1994. Epidemiology: Acute retinal necrosis generally affects healthy, immunocompetent individuals regardless of sex or race. However, Fisher et al found little male preponderance in their study 5. The disease affects typically young adults. Bimodal age d

   Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
2. Articles 5 Apr 2020 13 min read

   Endophthalmitis Management in India: a decade and half after the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study

   The current management of post-cataract surgery acute endophthalmitis is greatly influenced by the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS). The EVS was a multicentric randomized clinical trial that had asked two important questions: (1) Is vitrectomy necessary in all cases of post intraocular lens (IOL) acute bacterial endophthalmitis? and (2) Does systemic antibiotics help in these cases? The EVS recruited 420 patients with acute bacterial post IOL endophthalmitis in 24 centers in the USA. The study recommended that while intravitreal antibiotics must be given to all eyes, vitrectomy should be reserved for eyes with worse presenting vision (light perception, LP, only) and the study did not find any additional benefit of intravenous antibiotics. [1] The major findings of the EVS are listed in Table 1. Are these recommendations followed strictly a decade and half after its first publication in 1995? We will discuss in this article the management strategies we currently practice at the L

   TP SS Taraprasad Das · Tapas R Padhi · +1 other
3. Articles 5 Apr 2020 24 min read

   Diabetic Maculopathy

   Diabetic maculopathy is the most common cause of visual impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus. Classification Diabetic maculopathy is classified as – Exudative Maculopathy Ischemic Maculopathy Mixed Maculopathy 1. Exudative Maculopathy (Diabetic Macular Edema) It is diagnosed stereoscopically as retinal thickening within 1 disc diameter of the center of the macula using fundus biomicroscopy. To characterize the severity of macular edema and for treatment guidelines, the term clinically significant macular edema (CSME) is used. Macular edema is clinically significant if one of the following conditions is present: Retinal thickening at or within 500 mm of the center of the macula; and/or Hard exudates at or within 500 mm of the center of the macula if associated with thickening of the adjacent retina; and/or A zone or zones of retinal thickening 1 disk area in size, at least part of which is within 1 disk diameter of the macular center. It is more common in type 2 diabetes (Adult

   SA AC Priyank Garg · Samarth Agarwal · +2 others
4. Students Gallery 5 Apr 2020 5 min read

   Normal Values in Ophthalmology

   PARAMETER VALUES Diameter of eye ball Antero posterior 24 mm Lateral (horizontal) 23.5 mm Vertical 23 mm Axial length of eye ball At birth 18 mm At 3 yrs age 23 mm At 14 yrs age 24 mm Circumference of eye ball 75 mm Volume of eye ball 6.5 ml Weight of eye ball 7 gm Diameter of ant surface of cornea horizontal 11.75 mm vertical 11 mm Diameter of posterior surface of cornea 11.5 mm Thickness of cornea In the centre 0.52 mm In periphery 0.67 mm Radius of curvature of central cornea anterior 7.8 mm posterior 6.5 mm Refractive index of cornea 1.376 Refractive power of cornea As a whole + 43 D Anterior surface + 48 D Posterior surface - 5 D Corneal endothelial cell density At birth 6000 /mm2 Young adults 2400-3000 /mm2(parson 2800 /mm2) decompensation 10 sec, 0.5 mm Length of palpebral fissure Horizontal 18-21 mm at birth, 28-30 mm adult Vertical in the centre 8 mm at birth, 9-11 mm adult Length of LPS muscle and tendon 40 mm, 15 mm Size of tarsus- length, thickness 29 mm,1 mm Height of tars

   Team eOphtha
5. Articles 5 Apr 2020 13 min read

   Advanced Custom Ablation: New Technology for Better Quality of Vision

   LASIK is the most widely used technology for the correction of most spherocylindrical ametropias because of its safety and its predictability that leads to excellent outcomes for both the patient and the surgeon. Over the years there has been a progressive refinement of the technique. Customised correction of refractive errors using wavefront technology has revolutionised the way we plan and execute the treatment of refractive errors there are two specific reasons why customised treatment is transforming the entire LASIK arena. The first is that wavefront technology allows us to treat or not the only second order aberrations such as sphere and cylinder but also a higher order aberrations such as coma and spherical aberrations which exist in normal individuals as well as post refractive surgery patients. A major shift in the thought process of refractive surgery is that the LASIK surgeon now seeks to enhance vision beyond what nature itself and designed. With the advent of adaptive opti

   KM CM Dr. Keiki R. Mehta · Dr. Cyres K. Mehta
6. Students Gallery 5 Apr 2020 11 min read

   Sutures & Needle

   Introduction: The goals of wound closure include obliteration of dead space, even distribution of tension along deep suture lines, maintenance of tensile strength across the wound until tissue tensile strength is adequate, and approximation and eversion of the epithelial portion of the closure. Methods for mechanical wound closure include staples, tape, adhesive, and sutures. Each method has specific indications, advantages and disadvantages. Suture closure permits primary wound healing. Tissues are held in proximity until enough healing occurs to withstand stress without mechanical support. Skillful wound closure requires not only knowledge of proper surgical techniques but also knowledge of the physical characteristics and properties of the suture and needle. SUTURES: Suture selection is dependent on the anatomic site, surgeon's preference, and the required suture characteristics. The main consideration in needle selection is to minimize trauma. Suture qualities Ideal suture characte

   PD Dr. Pratheeba Devi · Dr. Bipasha Mukherjee
7. Articles 5 Apr 2020 17 min read

   OCT in Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV)

   Optical Coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized the way we look at retinal disorders. The earliest version of OCT was the time domain OCT following which spectral domain OCT arrived. Advances such as enhanced depth imaging and swept source OCT have furthered our understanding of retinal disorders. Beginning from the early 90s , OCT has vastly improved the way we diagnose, prognosticate , treat and follow-up retinal disorders.(1) Why OCT? OCT has established itself as one the main imaging modalities in retinal conditions or macular disorders to be more specific. OCT is the most précised method measuring retinal thickness in-vivo.(1) Let us take age related macular degeneration (ARMD) as an example. Understanding the location of the neovascular membrane and its consequences such as intra/subretinal fluid can be clearly understood with the help of an OCT.(2) Prognostic factors such as integrity of the outer retinal layer , RPE alterations such as thickening or fragmentation and the

   VG Dr. Vishal Gowindhari · Dr. Jay Chhablani
8. Students Gallery 5 Apr 2020 8 min read

   How to Write a Case Report

   ‘Science only advances when unexpected observations cause a frame shift in our previously held beliefs’. Karl Popper Case reports are the best ways to start publishing and it can be a valuable tool for both the author and the reader. Though there are numerous ways for medical writing; case reports are the best ways to start publishing. From Hippocrates (460B.C. to 370 B.C.) to modern-day practice, physicians of all specialties have described interesting cases in their fields. [1], [2] More than 240000 case reports have been published in various journals from 1997-2002 as per Medline report. [3] Case reports have also been used as a teaching tool. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Parkinson’s disease were first described in case study format. [4], [5] Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was originally described as Retrolental fibroplasia by Terry [6] in 1952, who related it with premature birth. Even though case reports are not the best scientific evidence still many authors be

   NB Dr. Nishat Bansal · Dr. Jyotirmay Biswas
9. Articles 5 Apr 2020 30 min read

   Retinablastoma:The current concepts

   Introduction Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in children, with a reported incidence ranging from 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 18,000 live births.1 It is second only to uveal melanoma in the frequency of occurrence of malignant intraocular tumors. There is no racial or gender predisposition in the incidence of retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is bilateral in about 25 to 35% of cases. 2 The average age at diagnosis is 18 months, unilateral cases being diagnosed at around 24 months and bilat eral cases before 12 months. 2 Pawius described retinoblastoma as early as in 1597.3 In 1809, Wardrop re ferred to the tumor as fungus haematodes and suggested enucleation as the primary mode of management.3 The discovery of ophthalmoloscope in 1851 facilitated recognition of specific clini cal features of retinoblastoma. Initially thought to be derived from the glial cells, it was called a glioma of the ret ina by Virchow (1864)3.Flexner (1891) and Wintersteiner (1897) believed it to be

   Dr. Santosh G Honavar, MD, FACS
10. Students Gallery 5 Apr 2020 14 min read

    Diagnostic Criteria

    Standard Diagnostic Criteria for various conditions Diagnostic criteria for acute retinal necrosis: American Uveitis Society Diagnostic Criteria for Behçet’s Disease Diagnostic Criteria for Birdshot Chorioretinopathy for Research Purposes ICHD-II Diagnostic Criteria for Cluster Headache Diagnostic criteria for cryptophthalmos syndrome Diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease Criteria for Diagnosis of Lyme Disease ICHD-II Diagnostic Criteria for Migraine Diagnostic Criteria for Neurofibromatosis American Rheumatism Association’s Revised Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis International Criteria for the Diagnosis of Ocular Sarcoidosis New Classification Criteria for Sjo¨gren’s Syndrome by American College of Rheumatology AMERICAN COLLEGE of RHEUMATOLOGY CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR SLE The American Rheumatology Association’s Criteria for the Classification of Systemic Sclerosis Diagnostic Criteria for Tension-type headache Diagnostic Criteria for von Hippel–Lindau Disease Revised Criteria f

    Team eOphtha

More articles