1. Students Gallery 5 Apr 2020 40 min read

   Studies and Trials

   Studies and trials in ophthalmology Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study (DRVS) Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Sorbinil Retinopathy Trial (SRT) The Silicone Study Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS) Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT) Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial (IONDT) The International Optic Nerve Trauma Study (IONTS) Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Study (CRYO-ROP) Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Study (ETROP) Supplemental Therapeutic Oxygen for Prethreshold Retinopathy Of Prematurity (STOP-ROP Trial) The Effects of Light Reduction on Retinopathy of Prematurity (LIGHT-ROP) Branch Vein Occlusion Study (BVOS) Central Vein Oc

   Dr. Aditi Gupta · Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
2. Articles 5 Apr 2020 15 min read

   Ocular Histopathology: A ready reckoner

   Basic histology of the eye Eyelid: Each eyelid consists of skin, subcutaneous tissue, striated muscle fibers of orbicularis oculi, orbital septum and tarsal plates, smooth muscle and conjunctiva. The skin contains sebaceous glands and small sweat glands.The eyelashes are more numerous in the uppereyelid than in the lower. The sebaceous glands of Zeis open into each follicle. Histological photograph of eyelid Conjunctiva: The conjunctiva is made up of an epithelium consisting of stratified columnar cells resting on a lamina propria of loose connective tissue, the submucosa. At the limbus there is a change to stratified squamous nonkeratinised epithelium which is continuous with the corneal epithelium. At thelimbus, the laminapropria forms the papillae. On the posterior edge of the lid margin, the conjunctiva joins the skin. Here the nonkeratinised squamous epithelium of the conjunctiva becomes continuous with the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the epidermis. The conjuncti

   Dr. Kalpana Babu
3. Articles 5 Apr 2020 15 min read

   Serpiginous Choroiditis: An Update

   The word “serpiginous” is an adjective which means “with a wavy or indented margin”. The serpiginous choroiditis shows the similar wavy or amoeboid like lesions in choroid as a result of inflammation of unknown aetiology. The serpiginous choroiditis may be defined as a chronic, progressive, usually bilateral, recurrent in?ammatory condition which affects the choroid, choriocapillaries and retinal pigment epithelium. This clinical entity was first reported by Junius in 1932 who termed it as “peripapillary retinochoroiditis”. Thereafter this clinical entity has passed through various nomenclatures by various authors (Table 1). The term “serpiginous choroidopathy” was coined by Gass in 1987. Table 1: Different nomenclatures of Serpiginous choroiditis by various authors Peripapillary choroidalsclerosis by Sorsby, 1939 Helicoid peripapillary chorioretinal degeneration by Franceschetti, 1962 Geographic helicoids peripapillary choroidopathy by Schatz,1974 Geographic choroiditis by Baarsma,197

   Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
4. Articles 5 Apr 2020 13 min read

   Retinal Vasculitis

   Retinal vasculitis is an inflammatory disease of the blood vessels of the retina that may be associated with primary ocular conditions or with inflammatory or infectious diseases in other parts of the body (systemic diseases). It has been defined as the vascular leakage and staining of vessel walls on fluorescein angiography, with or without the clinical appearance of fluffy, white perivascular infiltrates in an eye with evidence of inflammatory cells in the vitreous body or aqueous humor 1. Typically, retinal vasculitis is divided into entities localized to the retina and into systemic diseases involving the eye. These include certain ocular disorders, systemic autoimmune disorders, and some infectious diseases. Etiology: The common primary causes of retinal vasculitis where vessel is the primary target of the inflammatory process are: (a) Localized to the eye - Idiopathic - Intermediate uveitis of the pars planitis type - Frosted branch angiitis - Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneur

   Dr. Reema Bansal · Prof. Amod Gupta
5. Anatomy of eye 5 Apr 2020 7 min read

   Anatomy of Sclera

   The term sclera is derived from Greek word scleros meaning "hard".Sclera is an opaque, elastic, and resilient tissue of the eye. It can be compared with an incomplete shell comprising approximately 90% (five-sixths) of the outer coat of the eye. Anteriorly it begins at the limbus and terminates at the optic nerve canal posteriorly. The primary function of the sclera is to protect the eye and maintain the shape of the eye ball. Amazing Fact: Human beings are the only primates with white sclera Embryologically like corneal stroma and endothelium, sclera originates from mesoderm. The human sclera is white in colour. This white appearance is because of the scattering of all wavelengths of light by dense irregular bundles of collagen in sclera. In children, a bluish hue is observed because of the extremely thin sclera which allows the visibility of underlying choroid. In older age the sclera may appear slightly yellowish because of the deposition of fat. Thickness of sclera: Sclera is thick

   Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
6. Anatomy of eye 5 Apr 2020 7 min read

   Anatomy of Anterior Chamber

   Anterior chamber is an angular space bounded anteriorly by the posterior (inner) surface of the cornea and posteriorly by the anterior surface of the iris and a part of cilliary body. Boundary of anterior chamber: Anteriorly Posteriorly Inner surface of the cornea At periphery, trabecular meshwork Lens, Anterior surface of the iris and Anterior face of the ciliary body Anterior chamber is 3 mm deep and it contains 0.25 ml of the aqueous humour. Anterior chamber depth is shallower in the hypermetropic eye than the myopic eye. It is also shallower in children and in older people. Anterior Chamber at a glance Volume: 220 µL. Chamber Volume decreases by 0.11 µL/year life Depth: 3.15mm (2.6- 4.4mm) Chamber depth decreases by 0.01mm/year of life. Chamber depth is shallower in the hypermetropic than myopic .Chamber deepens by 0.06mm for each diopter of myopia. Chamber depth is slightly diminished during accommodation, partly by increased lens curvature & partly by forward translocation of the

   Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
7. Anatomy of eye 5 Apr 2020 4 min read

   Anatomy of Vitreous

   Vitreous is a transparent, colour less gel like structure which occupies the posterior compartment of the eye. It comprises about 80% of the total volume of the globe (two third of total volume of eye), about 4mL. The surfaces of the intraocular structures that interface with vitreous are mainly basement membrane in nature e.g. pars plana of cilliary body, internal limiting membrane of retina and vitreous is attached to them with varying strength of adhesion. Vitreous at a glance: Contains more than 98% of water It has viscosity more than 2-3 times than that of water. Refractive index 1.33 Ethymology: The word “vitreous” is derived from a Latin word “vitrum” which means glass. Attachments of vitreous: Vitreous is attached to its surrounding structures by condensation of collagen fibrils. From strongest to weakest, these are- Vitreous base-strongest Posterior lens capsule with the help of hyaloideocapsular ligament of Weiger Margins of the optic disc At the macula Along the retinal vess

   Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
8. Anatomy of eye 5 Apr 2020 10 min read

   Anatomy of Lens

   The crystalline lens is a unique transparent, biconvex, avascular intraocular structure with slightly more curved posterior surface .The radius of curvature of anterior surface is 10 mm and that of posterior surface is 6 mm. Lens is a unique structure, which contains cells of a single type, in various stages of differentiation Topography: The center of the anterior surface is called anterior pole and it is situated 3mm away from the posterior (endothelial) surface of cornea. The center of the posterior surface is called posterior pole. The distance between these poles is measured as lens thickness. The thickness of lens is 3mm at birth, which increases to 6mm in older age. The marginal circumferences of the lens, where anterior and posterior surface meet, are known as equator. Equatorial or lens diameter is generally measured in nasal to temporal dimension. The equatorial diameter of lens is 6.5 mm at birth, which reaches to 9-10 mm in adult life. The equator of the lens is encircled b

   Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
9. Anatomy of eye 5 Apr 2020 12 min read

   Anatomy of Cornea

   The cornea is the transparent tissue that covers the front of the eye.It forms anterior 1/6th of the outer fibrous coat of eyeball. The word cornea has come from “Kerato”. The term “Kerato” in greek means horn or shield like. Ancient Greek used to believe that cornea is derived from same material like that of thinly sliced horn of animal. Embryology: Structure Derived from Corneal epithelium Surface ectoderm Stroma, Descmet’s membrane, endothelium Paraxial mesoderm Topography: Anterior surface of the cornea is elliptical whereas posterior surface is spherical with average diameter 11.5 mm. Horizontal diameter of the anterior surface (HCD) is 11.7 mm and vertical diameter (VCD) is 11mm.Of them HCD is of clinically important.The radius of curvature of cornea is 8 (7.8 mm).It is the result of differences in radius of curvature in the vertical horizontal meridians which causes astigmatism. Microcornea = when HCD is less than 10mm Macrocornea = when HCD is more than 13 mm The central cornea

   Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
10. Articles 5 Apr 2020 22 min read

    Management of Rhegmatogenous Retinal detachments- Evidence based Review

    Introduction Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) although rare, it is a serious ophthalmic condition that can lead to significant loss of vision or blindness without timely and appropriate management. It has been nearly a century (1918) since Jules Gonin demonstrated the importance of localizing and sealing retinal breaks, a procedure termed ignipuncture.1 Scleral buckling techniques, introduced by Custodis2 and refined by Schepens and later Robert Machemer’s pars plana vitrectomy, revolutionized repair of RRDs. Pneumatic retinopexy introduced in the mid 1980s allowed treatment of retinal detachments as an outpatient procedure in selected retinal detachments 3 Above techniques either alone or in combination has resulted in surgical success rates close to 90%. For most surgeons, choice of surgical procedure for primary retinal detachment will depend on the individual clinical situation combined with each surgeon's experience; bias and comfort level with a particular procedure. Recen

    HB Dr. Raju Sampangi, MD (AIIMS), DNB · Dr. Hemalatha BC

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