Articles

121–130 of 232 articles Page 13 of 24
All Cornea 36 Cataract 17 Glaucoma 13 Retina & Vitreous 72 Neurophthalmology 8 Oculoplasty 15 Uvea & Inflammatory Diseases 24 Miscellaneous 20 Oncology 9 Pediatric Ophthalmology 15
  1. 1 Apr 2021 22 min read

    Bacterial Endophthalmitis - Where We Stand ?

    Endophthalmitis is a potentially devastating condition of intraocular procedures. It is an inflammation of internal coats of the eye along with inflammation of intraocular cavities i.e. aqueous and vitreous humour that occur as a result of intraocular colonization of microorganisms. It is one of the most feared complications of cataract extraction and other intraocular surgeries. Rarely, infectious endophthalmitis is the presenting feature of an underlying systemic infection. The incidence of endophthalmitis has sharply declined within two to three decades because of variations in surgical technique, scrupulous asepsis, and use of preoperative and post-operative broad-spectrum antibiotics. Classification Of Endophthalmitis: General categories include postoperative endophthalmitis (acute, delayed-onset, conjunctival filtering–bleb associated, glaucoma drainage devices associated), posttraumatic endophthalmitis (blunt or penetrating ocular trauma, foreign bodies), endophthalmitis associa

    Dr. Sugandha Goel · Dr. Ekta Rishi
  2. 1 Apr 2021 20 min read

    Uveitic Macular Edema

    Introduction: Macular edema is defined as swelling of the layers of neurosensory retina within the macula. Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a subtype of macular edema characterized by extracellular accumulation of fluid within the outer plexiform layer of the retina in the form of intraretinal cyst. It is known as one of the complications, that develops consequent to a final common pathway in diverse diseases affecting the blood-retinal barrier. CME is a major cause of visual loss in uveitis. The overall reported prevalence of visual impairment associated with uveitic CME is 33–42 % and is influenced by the age, location, severity, and duration of retinal edema. [1,2] In young age, the retinal tissue shows resistance to development of CME, but advanced age is independently associated with early development of CME, regardless of the duration of uveitis. In contrast, the most frequent causes of visual loss in pediatric uveitis are retinal scars and glaucoma. [3] Panuveitis and intermediate

    Dr. Amit H Palkar · Dr. Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
  3. 1 Apr 2021 15 min read

    Authorship

    “With great power comes great responsibility” Stan Lee in Spiderman Introduction: Publications represent the three ‘R’s of modern times– recognition, respect, and revenue, for anyone in the field of science and research. Authorship has become the currency of the current generation and a measure of one's status in the international scientific community. The number of papers published, the journals in which they are published, and their ranking on the list of authors is all crucial when it comes to promotions, funding and market value in the employment exchange. The ‘publish or perish’ culture has become our survival mantra. However, as Rennie, Deputy Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association put it: “the coin of publication has two sides: credit and accountability.”1 Authorship is also the fulfillment of great responsibility. It is indeed unfortunate that many authors are not aware of, or choose to disregard this obligation to see their names on print, whatever be the co

    Dr. Bipasha Mukherjee
  4. 1 Apr 2021 22 min read

    Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy

    Introduction Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV), first described by Yannuzzi et al1 in 1982, is a distinct clinical entity characterized by persistent recurrent serous leakage and hemorrhage in the macula, and is seen in the elderly population. The disorder was poorly understood earlier and had been described by various authors as recurrent pigment epithelial detachment (PED) and posterior uveal bleeding syndrome.2.5 The primary abnormality, as described by Yannuzzi et al,1, 2, 6involves the choroidal circulation, and the characteristic lesion is an inner choroidal vascular network of vessels ending in an aneurysmal bulge visible clinically as a reddish-orange spheroidal polyp like structure. More recently with improvement in choroidal imaging using Enhanced Depth Imaging and Swept-Source optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT and SS-OCT), PCV is regarded as a part of the Pachychoroid spectrum of diseases and a variant of Type I choroidal neovascularization.7, 8, 9 Epidemiology The

    Dr. Giridhar Anantharaman, MS, FVRS · Dr. Jay Sheth, DNB, FVRS
  5. 1 Apr 2021 11 min read

    Drug Induced Maculopathy: A Quick Look

    Generally all the drugs are likely to have some side effects. For ophthalmologists, it is essential to know the drugs which affect the vision or involve the eye as a part of their side-effects. This is a summary of the drugs causing damage to the posterior segment of the eye. Patterns of retinal toxicity: Disruption of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium Vascular damage Retinal folds Phenoithiazine Qunine sulfate Thioridazine Clofazimine Cholopromazine Deferoxamine Chloroquine derivatives Corticosteroid Chloroquine Cisplatin& carmustine Hydroxychloroquine Cisplatin & carmustine Qunine sulfate Aminogycoside Interferon Ergot derivatives Talc Phenylpropanolamine Oral contraceptives Cystoid macular edema Epinephrine Latanoprost Nicotinic acid Sulfa derivatives Hydroxychlorothiazide Acetazolamide Triamterene Metronidazole Chlorthalidone Crystalline retinopathy Uveitis Tamoxifen Talc Canthaxanthine Nitrofurantoin Methoxyflurane Rifabutin Cidofovir Miscellaneous Digoxin Methanol CHLOROQ

    Dr. Jay Chhablani
  6. 1 Apr 2021 14 min read

    Coats Disease

    Introduction History In 1908 George Coats1 original description of the disease was based primarily on histopathologic examination of enucleated eyes and identified retinal vascular aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, intra- and subretinal hemorrhages, and exudates. Coats categorized eyes with these characteristic morphologic findings into three groups: Group I demonstrated massive subretinal exudate alone, group II consisted of eyes with massive subretinal exudate, intra and subretinal hemorrhage, and retinal vascular dilatations, and group III included eyes with subretinal exudate and retinal arteriovenous malformations. Von Hippel2 later identified group III as a separate entity, angiomatosis retinae, which led to the exclusion of this group from the spectrum of Coats disease. In 1912, Theodor Leber3 described a disorder with similar retinal vascular abnormalities to Coats disease, but without massive subretinal exudate, hemorrhage, and serous retinal detachment. This became know

    Dr. Aditya Bansal · Dr. Vikas Khetan
  7. 1 Apr 2021 17 min read

    The Effects & Techniques of Scleral Buckle in Treatment of Retinal Detachment

    Introduction: Scleral buckle surgery is indicated for uncomplicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Scleral buckling indents the sclera and the overlying choroid retinal pigment epithelium complex towards the retinal break in the detached retina, resulting in retinal reattachment. Scleral buckle surgery evolved out of the works of Jules Gonin, who identified retinal breaks as the cause of retinal detachment, Custodis, Lincoff and Schepens who devised ways of using an epi / intrascleral implant to “buckle” the sclera inward to create the indent.1-3 Principles of scleral buckling: The aim of scleral buckling is to close all retinal breaks to achieve permanent reattachment of the retina. General principles of retinal detachment surgery- Search for the breaks, find all the breaks, seal all the breaks, and relieve vitro retinal traction. This is achieved by - Identification of the retinal break Retinopexy – creating a sterile inflammatory reaction that would result subsequently in chori

    Dr. P. Mahesh Shanmugam, MBBS, DO, FRCSEd, PhD, FAICO · Dr. Pradeep Sagar, MBBS, MD · +1 other
  8. 1 Apr 2021 21 min read

    Acanthamoeba Keratitis: A review for the Postgraduates

    Eye diseases affecting the cornea are a major cause of blindness worldwide. Among different infectious agents, bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoans may be causes of keratitis. This article is about the keratitis caused by protozoa. Three amoebic parasites are thought to be significant to human disease, entamoeba which is responsible for amoebic dysenter, naegleria which causes amoebic meningoencephalitis and acanthamoeba which is known for causing keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Acanthamoeba is a ubiquitous, free living protozoa of the subphyla Sarcodina. It is considered as opportunistic pathogen in humans. Acanthamoeba keratitis is a potentially devastating corneal infection which can lead to severe visual loss. Epidemiology: Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), is rare in the general population (estimated incidence: 1.4 per million person- year) but much frequent in contact lens wearers. The incidence of the disease in developed countries is approximately 1-33 cases per

    Dr. Hema Joshi, MBBS, DO, DNB
  9. 1 Apr 2021 14 min read

    Low Vision Assessment

    WHO (ICD-10) defines low vision as “A person who has impairment of visual functioning even after treatment and/ or standard refractive correction, and has a visual acuity of less than 6/18 to light perception, or a visual field less than 10 degrees from the point of fixation, but who uses, or is potentially able to use, vision for the planning and/ or execution of a task for which vision is essential” NPCB (National Program for Control of Blindness) defines low vision as “Visual acuity of less than 6/18 but equal to or better than 6/60 in the better eye with available correction or a visual field loss of less than 10° from the point of fixation”, and, blindness as “Visual acuity less than 6/60 in the better eye or a corresponding visual field loss of less than 10° The goal of low vision assessment is to: Address the visual demands of the patient Identify and evaluate the cause of low vision Assess ocular health Emphasize the need for the patient/ beneficiary Clinical Assessment Maintai

    Dr. Rahul Deshpande
  10. 1 Apr 2021 30 min read

    Optical Coherence Tomography

    Introduction Optical Coherence Tomography is a powerful noninvasive imaging modality that performs high resolution, micron-scale, cross-sectional imaging of the retina. Originally developed in 1991 by Huang et al, [1] OCT technology has continually evolved and expanded within ophthalmology and has been explored in a wide range of clinical applications. With the introduction of Spectral/ Fourier Domain OCT (SD-OCT, FD-OCT) and Swept Source OCT (SS-OCT), there is greater tissue resolving power, significantly higher scan density, and faster data acquisition than original Time Domain OCT. Thus, OCT has revolutionized the practice of ophthalmology and, in particular the diagnosis and management of patients with retinal disease. This chapter describes the basics of OCT technology and its clinical applications in retinal disorders. OCT technology and working principle [2-8] OCTs operate on the principle of indirect low-coherence interferometry, in which a beam of light is directed into the re

    Dr. Remya Paulose · Dr. Jay Chhablani