Oculoplasty

11–15 of 15 articles Page 2 of 2

All Cornea 36 Cataract 17 Glaucoma 14 Retina & Vitreous 72 Neurophthalmology 8 Oculoplasty 15 Uvea & Inflammatory Diseases 24 Miscellaneous 20 Oncology 9 Pediatric Ophthalmology 16

7 min read

Panophthalmitis: A Ready Reckoner for Postgraduates

Introduction Panophthalmitis is a severe ocular and orbital condition which can lead to phthisis bulbi or may necessitate evisceration. Severe inflammation of the anterior and posterior segments is frequently accompanied by microbial keratitis, necrotizing scleritis, and perforation or rupture following trauma. The disease develops rapidly and the prognosis is poor. The management of patients with intractable panophthalmitis remains challenging with eye salvage almost impossible in most cases. Etiology and Pathogenesis Panophthalmitis is a purulent inflammation of all coats of the eyeball including intraocular structures. Although post-traumatic endophthalmitis is the most common preceding event, the infection can result after postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery, keratoplasty, or rarely after posterior segment procedures. It can also be caused by septicemia or can spread from a pus-producing infection in another part of the body. [Table 1] Organisms implicated incl

Dr. Namrata Adulkar
13 min read

Thyroid Eye Disease : A Review for the Postgraduates

Introduction: Thyroid eye disease (TED) or thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) also called Basedow-Grave’s disease. It is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by enlargement of the orbital fat and extraocular muscles.1 It is a consequence of thyroid gland dysfunction, where antibodies are targeted against thyrotropin receptors (TSHR) known as thyroid-stimulating globulin(TSI).1 It is independent of the serum level of the circulating hormone levels. 2 TED is characterized by an active or inflammatory stage and an inactive or fibrotic stage. The active or the inflammatory stage is characterized by inflammation, adipogenesis, and accumulation of extracellular fluid, glycosaminoglycans which in turn causes enlargement of the extraocular muscles and expansion of the orbital fat. Once the inflammation settles, there is predominant scarring of the orbital tissues which marks the onset of the fibrotic stage. The natural course of the disease is quite variable. The majority of TED

Dr. Amber Dubey · Dr. Vazhipokkil Anju Chandran · +1 other
13 min read

Entropion And Ectropion

Entropion is the turning inward of the eyelid margin. Unlike ectropion, it is symptomatic and injures the ocular surface. The patient seeks medical care early. Ectropion is an eyelid malposition in which the eyelid margin does not oppose the globe. We shall discuss the relevant anatomy and clinical examination for the two entities together. Relevant Anatomy The eyelid can be grossly divided into Anterior lamella composed of skin and orbicularis Posterior lamella composed of tarsus and conjunctiva Factors contributing to the stability of the lower eyelid Appropriate horizontal tension of the lower lid so that the eyelid is apposed to the eyeball. This is supplied by the medial and lateral canthal tendons. Lower lid retractors applying appropriate tension to the inferior margin of the tarsus, pulling the lower edge of the tarsus inferiorly, and thus preventing the lid margin from turning inward as in entropion, or outward as in ectropion. Synchronous movement of the inferior rectus and l

Dr. Roshmi Gupta · Dr. Rwituja Thomas · +1 other
4 min read

Ten Pearls for Eyelid Tear Management

1. Key Points Eyelid injuries may be associated with ocular, orbital, and even intracranial injuries hence always rule out associated systemic trauma, occult globe injuries, or traumatic optic neuropathy. Globe involvement has been reported to be around 61% with eyelid injuries. Management of intra-ocular or systemic injuries takes precedence. The presence of orbital fat in the wound indicates the orbital septum has been breached and the repair requires a higher level of expertise to prevent postoperative complications. Laceration in the medial aspect of the eyelids is likely to involve the canalicular system. It is a myth that upper canalicular tears can be left unrepaired. In case the primary surgeon lacks knowledge or expertise in these structures, a prompt referral to an experienced oculoplastic surgeon would prevent any significant and long-lasting cosmetic was well as functional complications. Since the tissues retract along the fibers of orbicularis oculi, the eyelid defect may

Dr. Bipasha Mukherjee
14 min read

Various Classifications and Grading Systems in Oculoplasty

Introduction: Grading & Classification of diseases is an ever-evolving concept. This article is a collection of various clinical grading and Classification systems in the practice of various Oculoplasty and Orbital diseases. These grading systems are useful for Trainee doctors, PG students, PG residents, and optometrists which will help them in preparations of various examinations and the initial phase of their clinical practice for systematic management of various oculoplasty cases. Commonly used classifications in oculoplasty are: Classification of Entropion Classification Ectropion Classification Ptosis Classification of Contracted Socket Classification of Eyelid Tumor Classification of Facial Nerve Palsy Classification of TRO Classification of Orbital Cellulitis Entropion : Entropion is a common eyelid malposition in which the margin turns inward against the globe. Two other conditions that are close to it is trichiasis and distichiasis which must be well differentiated from trichi

Dr. Joyeeta Das